(a) Interpretation: The hybridization of carbon atom, total C-C σ bonds and π bonds with 1â—¦,2â—¦,3â—¦ and 4â—¦ carbon atoms should be determined. Concept introduction: Hybridization is the process of mixing of atomic orbitals to form same energy and same shape hybrid orbitals which form covalent bond with overlapping of atomic orbitals of other atoms. The number of chemical bonds formed by the atom always determine type of hybridization. Sigma bonds could only form by hybrid orbitals whereas pi bonds are always formed by overlapping of un-hybrid orbitals hence hybridization is not part of pi bond formation. 1â—¦ orPrimary C atom = C atom which is bonded with one another C atom 2â—¦ orSecondary C atom= C atom which is bonded with two other C atoms 3â—¦ orTertiary C atom= C atom which is bonded with three other C atoms 4â—¦ or Quaternary C atom= C atom which is bonded with four other C atoms

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 92IAE

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon atom, total C-C σ bonds and π bonds with 1â—¦,2â—¦,3â—¦ and 4â—¦ carbon atoms should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of mixing of atomic orbitals to form same energy and same shape hybrid orbitals which form covalent bond with overlapping of atomic orbitals of other atoms. The number of chemical bonds formed by the atom always determine type of hybridization. Sigma bonds could only form by hybrid orbitals whereas pi bonds are always formed by overlapping of un-hybrid orbitals hence hybridization is not part of pi bond formation.

1â—¦ orPrimary C atom = C atom which is bonded with one another C atom

2â—¦ orSecondary C atom= C atom which is bonded with two other C atoms

3â—¦ orTertiary C atom= C atom which is bonded with three other C atoms

4â—¦ or Quaternary C atom= C atom which is bonded with four other C atoms

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon atom, total C-C σ bonds and π bonds with 1â—¦, 2â—¦,3â—¦ and 4â—¦ carbon atoms should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of mixing of atomic orbitals to form same energy and same shape hybrid orbitals which form covalent bond with overlapping of atomic orbitals of other atoms. The number of chemical bonds formed by the atom always determine type of hybridization. Sigma bonds could only form by hybrid orbitals whereas pi bonds are always formed by overlapping of un-hybrid orbitals hence hybridization is not part of pi bond formation.

1â—¦ or Primary C atom = C atom which is bonded with one another C atom

2â—¦ or Secondary C atom= C atom which is bonded with two other C atoms

3â—¦ or Tertiary C atom= C atom which is bonded with three other C atoms

4â—¦ or Quaternary C atom= C atom which is bonded with four other C atoms

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon atom, total C-C σ bonds and π bonds with 1â—¦, 2â—¦,3â—¦ and 4â—¦ carbon atoms should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of mixing of atomic orbitals to form same energy and same shape hybrid orbitals which form covalent bond with overlapping of atomic orbitals of other atoms. The number of chemical bonds formed by the atom always determine type of hybridization. Sigma bonds could only form by hybrid orbitals whereas pi bonds are always formed by overlapping of un-hybrid orbitals hence hybridization is not part of pi bond formation.

1â—¦ or Primary C atom = C atom which is bonded with one another C atom

2â—¦ or Secondary C atom= C atom which is bonded with two other C atoms

3â—¦ or Tertiary C atom= C atom which is bonded with three other C atoms

4â—¦ or Quaternary C atom= C atom which is bonded with four other C atoms

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4. Propose a Synthesis for the molecule below. You may use any starting materials containing 6 carbons or less (reagents that aren't incorporated into the final molecule such as PhзP do not count towards this total, and the starting material can have whatever non-carbon functional groups you want), and any of the reactions you have learned so far in organic chemistry I, II, and III. Your final answer should show each step separately, with intermediates and conditions clearly drawn.

Indicate the importance of the indole ring. Find a representative example and list 5 structures.

ΌΗ 1) V2 CO 3 or Nalt In منه

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 92IAE

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon atom, total C-C σ bonds and π bonds with 1â—¦,2â—¦,3â—¦ and 4â—¦ carbon atoms should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of mixing of atomic orbitals to form same energy and same shape hybrid orbitals which form covalent bond with overlapping of atomic orbitals of other atoms. The number of chemical bonds formed by the atom always determine type of hybridization. Sigma bonds could only form by hybrid orbitals whereas pi bonds are always formed by overlapping of un-hybrid orbitals hence hybridization is not part of pi bond formation.

1â—¦ orPrimary C atom = C atom which is bonded with one another C atom

2â—¦ orSecondary C atom= C atom which is bonded with two other C atoms

3â—¦ orTertiary C atom= C atom which is bonded with three other C atoms

4â—¦ or Quaternary C atom= C atom which is bonded with four other C atoms

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon atom, total C-C σ bonds and π bonds with 1â—¦, 2â—¦,3â—¦ and 4â—¦ carbon atoms should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of mixing of atomic orbitals to form same energy and same shape hybrid orbitals which form covalent bond with overlapping of atomic orbitals of other atoms. The number of chemical bonds formed by the atom always determine type of hybridization. Sigma bonds could only form by hybrid orbitals whereas pi bonds are always formed by overlapping of un-hybrid orbitals hence hybridization is not part of pi bond formation.

1â—¦ or Primary C atom = C atom which is bonded with one another C atom

2â—¦ or Secondary C atom= C atom which is bonded with two other C atoms

3â—¦ or Tertiary C atom= C atom which is bonded with three other C atoms

4â—¦ or Quaternary C atom= C atom which is bonded with four other C atoms

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon atom, total C-C σ bonds and π bonds with 1â—¦, 2â—¦,3â—¦ and 4â—¦ carbon atoms should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of mixing of atomic orbitals to form same energy and same shape hybrid orbitals which form covalent bond with overlapping of atomic orbitals of other atoms. The number of chemical bonds formed by the atom always determine type of hybridization. Sigma bonds could only form by hybrid orbitals whereas pi bonds are always formed by overlapping of un-hybrid orbitals hence hybridization is not part of pi bond formation.

1â—¦ or Primary C atom = C atom which is bonded with one another C atom

2â—¦ or Secondary C atom= C atom which is bonded with two other C atoms

3â—¦ or Tertiary C atom= C atom which is bonded with three other C atoms

4â—¦ or Quaternary C atom= C atom which is bonded with four other C atoms

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 92IAE

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon atom, total C-C σ bonds and π bonds with 1â—¦,2â—¦,3â—¦ and 4â—¦ carbon atoms should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of mixing of atomic orbitals to form same energy and same shape hybrid orbitals which form covalent bond with overlapping of atomic orbitals of other atoms. The number of chemical bonds formed by the atom always determine type of hybridization. Sigma bonds could only form by hybrid orbitals whereas pi bonds are always formed by overlapping of un-hybrid orbitals hence hybridization is not part of pi bond formation.

1â—¦ orPrimary C atom = C atom which is bonded with one another C atom

2â—¦ orSecondary C atom= C atom which is bonded with two other C atoms

3â—¦ orTertiary C atom= C atom which is bonded with three other C atoms

4â—¦ or Quaternary C atom= C atom which is bonded with four other C atoms

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon atom, total C-C σ bonds and π bonds with 1â—¦, 2â—¦,3â—¦ and 4â—¦ carbon atoms should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of mixing of atomic orbitals to form same energy and same shape hybrid orbitals which form covalent bond with overlapping of atomic orbitals of other atoms. The number of chemical bonds formed by the atom always determine type of hybridization. Sigma bonds could only form by hybrid orbitals whereas pi bonds are always formed by overlapping of un-hybrid orbitals hence hybridization is not part of pi bond formation.

1â—¦ or Primary C atom = C atom which is bonded with one another C atom

2â—¦ or Secondary C atom= C atom which is bonded with two other C atoms

3â—¦ or Tertiary C atom= C atom which is bonded with three other C atoms

4â—¦ or Quaternary C atom= C atom which is bonded with four other C atoms

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon atom, total C-C σ bonds and π bonds with 1â—¦, 2â—¦,3â—¦ and 4â—¦ carbon atoms should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of mixing of atomic orbitals to form same energy and same shape hybrid orbitals which form covalent bond with overlapping of atomic orbitals of other atoms. The number of chemical bonds formed by the atom always determine type of hybridization. Sigma bonds could only form by hybrid orbitals whereas pi bonds are always formed by overlapping of un-hybrid orbitals hence hybridization is not part of pi bond formation.

1â—¦ or Primary C atom = C atom which is bonded with one another C atom

2â—¦ or Secondary C atom= C atom which is bonded with two other C atoms

3â—¦ or Tertiary C atom= C atom which is bonded with three other C atoms

4â—¦ or Quaternary C atom= C atom which is bonded with four other C atoms

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 92IAE

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon atom, total C-C σ bonds and π bonds with 1â—¦,2â—¦,3â—¦ and 4â—¦ carbon atoms should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of mixing of atomic orbitals to form same energy and same shape hybrid orbitals which form covalent bond with overlapping of atomic orbitals of other atoms. The number of chemical bonds formed by the atom always determine type of hybridization. Sigma bonds could only form by hybrid orbitals whereas pi bonds are always formed by overlapping of un-hybrid orbitals hence hybridization is not part of pi bond formation.

1â—¦ orPrimary C atom = C atom which is bonded with one another C atom

2â—¦ orSecondary C atom= C atom which is bonded with two other C atoms

3â—¦ orTertiary C atom= C atom which is bonded with three other C atoms

4â—¦ or Quaternary C atom= C atom which is bonded with four other C atoms

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon atom, total C-C σ bonds and π bonds with 1â—¦, 2â—¦,3â—¦ and 4â—¦ carbon atoms should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of mixing of atomic orbitals to form same energy and same shape hybrid orbitals which form covalent bond with overlapping of atomic orbitals of other atoms. The number of chemical bonds formed by the atom always determine type of hybridization. Sigma bonds could only form by hybrid orbitals whereas pi bonds are always formed by overlapping of un-hybrid orbitals hence hybridization is not part of pi bond formation.

1â—¦ or Primary C atom = C atom which is bonded with one another C atom

2â—¦ or Secondary C atom= C atom which is bonded with two other C atoms

3â—¦ or Tertiary C atom= C atom which is bonded with three other C atoms

4â—¦ or Quaternary C atom= C atom which is bonded with four other C atoms

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon atom, total C-C σ bonds and π bonds with 1â—¦, 2â—¦,3â—¦ and 4â—¦ carbon atoms should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of mixing of atomic orbitals to form same energy and same shape hybrid orbitals which form covalent bond with overlapping of atomic orbitals of other atoms. The number of chemical bonds formed by the atom always determine type of hybridization. Sigma bonds could only form by hybrid orbitals whereas pi bonds are always formed by overlapping of un-hybrid orbitals hence hybridization is not part of pi bond formation.

1â—¦ or Primary C atom = C atom which is bonded with one another C atom

2â—¦ or Secondary C atom= C atom which is bonded with two other C atoms

3â—¦ or Tertiary C atom= C atom which is bonded with three other C atoms

4â—¦ or Quaternary C atom= C atom which is bonded with four other C atoms

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Answer 5

Chapter 26, Problem 92IAE

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon atom, total C-C σ bonds and π bonds with 1â—¦,2â—¦,3â—¦ and 4â—¦ carbon atoms should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of mixing of atomic orbitals to form same energy and same shape hybrid orbitals which form covalent bond with overlapping of atomic orbitals of other atoms. The number of chemical bonds formed by the atom always determine type of hybridization. Sigma bonds could only form by hybrid orbitals whereas pi bonds are always formed by overlapping of un-hybrid orbitals hence hybridization is not part of pi bond formation.

1â—¦ orPrimary C atom = C atom which is bonded with one another C atom

2â—¦ orSecondary C atom= C atom which is bonded with two other C atoms

3â—¦ orTertiary C atom= C atom which is bonded with three other C atoms

4â—¦ or Quaternary C atom= C atom which is bonded with four other C atoms

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon atom, total C-C σ bonds and π bonds with 1â—¦, 2â—¦,3â—¦ and 4â—¦ carbon atoms should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of mixing of atomic orbitals to form same energy and same shape hybrid orbitals which form covalent bond with overlapping of atomic orbitals of other atoms. The number of chemical bonds formed by the atom always determine type of hybridization. Sigma bonds could only form by hybrid orbitals whereas pi bonds are always formed by overlapping of un-hybrid orbitals hence hybridization is not part of pi bond formation.

1â—¦ or Primary C atom = C atom which is bonded with one another C atom

2â—¦ or Secondary C atom= C atom which is bonded with two other C atoms

3â—¦ or Tertiary C atom= C atom which is bonded with three other C atoms

4â—¦ or Quaternary C atom= C atom which is bonded with four other C atoms

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon atom, total C-C σ bonds and π bonds with 1â—¦, 2â—¦,3â—¦ and 4â—¦ carbon atoms should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of mixing of atomic orbitals to form same energy and same shape hybrid orbitals which form covalent bond with overlapping of atomic orbitals of other atoms. The number of chemical bonds formed by the atom always determine type of hybridization. Sigma bonds could only form by hybrid orbitals whereas pi bonds are always formed by overlapping of un-hybrid orbitals hence hybridization is not part of pi bond formation.

1â—¦ or Primary C atom = C atom which is bonded with one another C atom

2â—¦ or Secondary C atom= C atom which is bonded with two other C atoms

3â—¦ or Tertiary C atom= C atom which is bonded with three other C atoms

4â—¦ or Quaternary C atom= C atom which is bonded with four other C atoms

Answer 6

Chapter 26, Problem 92IAE

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon atom, total C-C σ bonds and π bonds with 1â—¦,2â—¦,3â—¦ and 4â—¦ carbon atoms should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of mixing of atomic orbitals to form same energy and same shape hybrid orbitals which form covalent bond with overlapping of atomic orbitals of other atoms. The number of chemical bonds formed by the atom always determine type of hybridization. Sigma bonds could only form by hybrid orbitals whereas pi bonds are always formed by overlapping of un-hybrid orbitals hence hybridization is not part of pi bond formation.

1â—¦ orPrimary C atom = C atom which is bonded with one another C atom

2â—¦ orSecondary C atom= C atom which is bonded with two other C atoms

3â—¦ orTertiary C atom= C atom which is bonded with three other C atoms

4â—¦ or Quaternary C atom= C atom which is bonded with four other C atoms

Answer 7

Chapter 26, Problem 92IAE

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon atom, total C-C σ bonds and π bonds with 1â—¦,2â—¦,3â—¦ and 4â—¦ carbon atoms should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of mixing of atomic orbitals to form same energy and same shape hybrid orbitals which form covalent bond with overlapping of atomic orbitals of other atoms. The number of chemical bonds formed by the atom always determine type of hybridization. Sigma bonds could only form by hybrid orbitals whereas pi bonds are always formed by overlapping of un-hybrid orbitals hence hybridization is not part of pi bond formation.

1â—¦ orPrimary C atom = C atom which is bonded with one another C atom

2â—¦ orSecondary C atom= C atom which is bonded with two other C atoms

3â—¦ orTertiary C atom= C atom which is bonded with three other C atoms

4â—¦ or Quaternary C atom= C atom which is bonded with four other C atoms

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon atom, total C-C σ bonds and π bonds with 1â—¦, 2â—¦,3â—¦ and 4â—¦ carbon atoms should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of mixing of atomic orbitals to form same energy and same shape hybrid orbitals which form covalent bond with overlapping of atomic orbitals of other atoms. The number of chemical bonds formed by the atom always determine type of hybridization. Sigma bonds could only form by hybrid orbitals whereas pi bonds are always formed by overlapping of un-hybrid orbitals hence hybridization is not part of pi bond formation.

1â—¦ or Primary C atom = C atom which is bonded with one another C atom

2â—¦ or Secondary C atom= C atom which is bonded with two other C atoms

3â—¦ or Tertiary C atom= C atom which is bonded with three other C atoms

4â—¦ or Quaternary C atom= C atom which is bonded with four other C atoms

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon atom, total C-C σ bonds and π bonds with 1â—¦, 2â—¦,3â—¦ and 4â—¦ carbon atoms should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of mixing of atomic orbitals to form same energy and same shape hybrid orbitals which form covalent bond with overlapping of atomic orbitals of other atoms. The number of chemical bonds formed by the atom always determine type of hybridization. Sigma bonds could only form by hybrid orbitals whereas pi bonds are always formed by overlapping of un-hybrid orbitals hence hybridization is not part of pi bond formation.

1â—¦ or Primary C atom = C atom which is bonded with one another C atom

2â—¦ or Secondary C atom= C atom which is bonded with two other C atoms

3â—¦ or Tertiary C atom= C atom which is bonded with three other C atoms

4â—¦ or Quaternary C atom= C atom which is bonded with four other C atoms

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon atom, total C-C σ bonds and π bonds with 1â—¦, 2â—¦,3â—¦ and 4â—¦ carbon atoms should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of mixing of atomic orbitals to form same energy and same shape hybrid orbitals which form covalent bond with overlapping of atomic orbitals of other atoms. The number of chemical bonds formed by the atom always determine type of hybridization. Sigma bonds could only form by hybrid orbitals whereas pi bonds are always formed by overlapping of un-hybrid orbitals hence hybridization is not part of pi bond formation.

1â—¦ or Primary C atom = C atom which is bonded with one another C atom

2â—¦ or Secondary C atom= C atom which is bonded with two other C atoms

3â—¦ or Tertiary C atom= C atom which is bonded with three other C atoms

4â—¦ or Quaternary C atom= C atom which is bonded with four other C atoms

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon atom, total C-C σ bonds and π bonds with 1â—¦, 2â—¦,3â—¦ and 4â—¦ carbon atoms should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of mixing of atomic orbitals to form same energy and same shape hybrid orbitals which form covalent bond with overlapping of atomic orbitals of other atoms. The number of chemical bonds formed by the atom always determine type of hybridization. Sigma bonds could only form by hybrid orbitals whereas pi bonds are always formed by overlapping of un-hybrid orbitals hence hybridization is not part of pi bond formation.

1â—¦ or Primary C atom = C atom which is bonded with one another C atom

2â—¦ or Secondary C atom= C atom which is bonded with two other C atoms

3â—¦ or Tertiary C atom= C atom which is bonded with three other C atoms

4â—¦ or Quaternary C atom= C atom which is bonded with four other C atoms

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 26 - Prob. 1E Ch. 26 - Draw a structural formula for each of the...Ch. 26 - Prob. 3E Ch. 26 - Write structural formulas corresponding to these...Ch. 26 - Prob. 5E Ch. 26 - Prob. 6E Ch. 26 - Prob. 7E Ch. 26 - Prob. 8E Ch. 26 - What is the relationship, if any, between the...Ch. 26 - Prob. 10E

Solution Summary: The author explains that the number of chemical bonds formed by the atom determines the type of hybridization.

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Chapter 26 Solutions