(a) Interpretation: The structure of (R)-1-bromo-1-chloroethane should be drawn. Concept introduction: Enantiomers are optical isomers, which can rotate the plane polarized light clockwise or anticlockwise. These molecules must have at least one chiral C atom, i.e., the carbon atom bonded with four different groups. They are assigned by R and S configuration. The R/S naming follows the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules for naming the enantiomer as R or S-enantiomer. According to Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, assign the numbers from 1 to 4 to the groups bonded with chiral C atom on the basis of their molar mass. The essential condition is that the 4 th group or atom must be below the plane. If the movement from 1(2(3 group is clockwise, then it will be R-configuration, and if it is anticlockwise, then it will be S-configuration. If the 4 th number group is in plane, then follow the following steps: Swap the 4 th group with the group with the group present below the plane. Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement. Flip the configuration to get the real configuration. If the 4 th number group is in above the plane shown by wedge line, then follow the following steps: Swap the 4 group with the group with the group present below the plane. Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

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Answer 1

Question

Definition Definition Molecules that have multiple bonds between their carbon atoms. Alkenes are hydrocarbons with a double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms (R 2 C=CR 2 ), whereas alkynes are hydrocarbons with a triple bond between two adjacent carbon atoms R-C=C-R . These two groups are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons. They have fewer hydrogen atoms when compared with alkanes with same number of carbon atoms. The general molecular formula for an unsaturated hydrocarbon can be represented as C n H 2n +2 .

Chapter 26, Problem 66E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The structure of (R)-1-bromo-1-chloroethane should be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Enantiomers are optical isomers, which can rotate the plane polarized light clockwise or anticlockwise. These molecules must have at least one chiral C atom, i.e., the carbon atom bonded with four different groups. They are assigned by R and S configuration.

The R/S naming follows the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules for naming the enantiomer as R or S-enantiomer. According to Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, assign the numbers from 1 to 4 to the groups bonded with chiral C atom on the basis of their molar mass. The essential condition is that the 4^th group or atom must be below the plane. If the movement from 1(2(3 group is clockwise, then it will be R-configuration, and if it is anticlockwise, then it will be S-configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in plane, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4^th group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Flip the configuration to get the real configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in above the plane shown by wedge line, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4 group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The structure of (E)-2-bromopent-2-eneshould be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with double covalent bond between carbon-carbon atoms. On the basis of groups bonded with the double bonded carbon atoms, alkenes can be classified as E and Z-configuration.

The E-configuration stands for anti-configuration, whereas, Z-configuration stands for same side configuration.

The determination of configuration is done on the basis of the atomic/molecular mass of the atoms/groups attached to double bonded carbon atoms. If both higher atomic/molecular mass atom/groups are placed at the same side, then it is said to be Z-configuration and in E-configuration, these groups will be at anti-position.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The structure of (Z)-1-chloro-3-ethylhept-3-ene should be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with double covalent bond between carbon-carbon atoms. On the basis of groups bonded with the double bonded carbon atoms, alkenes can be classified as E and Z-configuration.

The E-configuration stands for anti-configuration, whereas, Z-configuration stands for same side configuration.

The determination of configuration is done on the basis of the atomic/molecular mass of the atoms/groups attached to double bonded carbon atoms. If both higher atomic/molecular mass atom/groups are placed at the same side, then it is said to be Z-configuration and in E-configuration, these groups will be at anti-position.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The structure of (R)-2-hydroxypropanoic acidshould be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Enantiomers are optical isomers, which can rotate the plane polarized light clockwise or anticlockwise. These molecules must have at least one chiral C atom, i.e., the carbon atom bonded with four different groups. They are assigned by R and S configuration.

The R/S naming follows the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules for naming the enantiomer as R or S-enantiomer. According to Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, assign the numbers from 1 to 4 to the groups bonded with chiral C atom on the basis of their molar mass. The essential condition is that the 4^th group or atom must be below the plane. If the movement from 1(2(3 group is clockwise, then it will be R-configuration, and if it is anticlockwise, then it will be S-configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in plane, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4^th group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Flip the configuration to get the real configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in above the plane shown by wedge line, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4 group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The structure of (S)-2-aminopropanoate anionshould be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Enantiomers are optical isomers, which can rotate the plane polarized light clockwise or anticlockwise. These molecules must have at least one chiral C atom, i.e., the carbon atom bonded with four different groups. They are assigned by R and S configuration.

The R/S naming follows the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules for naming the enantiomer as R or S-enantiomer. According to Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, assign the numbers from 1 to 4 to the groups bonded with chiral C atom on the basis of their molar mass. The essential condition is that the 4^th group or atom must be below the plane. If the movement from 1(2(3 group is clockwise, then it will be R-configuration, and if it is anticlockwise, then it will be S-configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in plane, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4^th group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Flip the configuration to get the real configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in above the plane shown by wedge line, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4 group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

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Answer 2

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Definition Definition Molecules that have multiple bonds between their carbon atoms. Alkenes are hydrocarbons with a double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms (R 2 C=CR 2 ), whereas alkynes are hydrocarbons with a triple bond between two adjacent carbon atoms R-C=C-R . These two groups are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons. They have fewer hydrogen atoms when compared with alkanes with same number of carbon atoms. The general molecular formula for an unsaturated hydrocarbon can be represented as C n H 2n +2 .

Chapter 26, Problem 66E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The structure of (R)-1-bromo-1-chloroethane should be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Enantiomers are optical isomers, which can rotate the plane polarized light clockwise or anticlockwise. These molecules must have at least one chiral C atom, i.e., the carbon atom bonded with four different groups. They are assigned by R and S configuration.

The R/S naming follows the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules for naming the enantiomer as R or S-enantiomer. According to Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, assign the numbers from 1 to 4 to the groups bonded with chiral C atom on the basis of their molar mass. The essential condition is that the 4^th group or atom must be below the plane. If the movement from 1(2(3 group is clockwise, then it will be R-configuration, and if it is anticlockwise, then it will be S-configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in plane, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4^th group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Flip the configuration to get the real configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in above the plane shown by wedge line, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4 group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The structure of (E)-2-bromopent-2-eneshould be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with double covalent bond between carbon-carbon atoms. On the basis of groups bonded with the double bonded carbon atoms, alkenes can be classified as E and Z-configuration.

The E-configuration stands for anti-configuration, whereas, Z-configuration stands for same side configuration.

The determination of configuration is done on the basis of the atomic/molecular mass of the atoms/groups attached to double bonded carbon atoms. If both higher atomic/molecular mass atom/groups are placed at the same side, then it is said to be Z-configuration and in E-configuration, these groups will be at anti-position.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The structure of (Z)-1-chloro-3-ethylhept-3-ene should be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with double covalent bond between carbon-carbon atoms. On the basis of groups bonded with the double bonded carbon atoms, alkenes can be classified as E and Z-configuration.

The E-configuration stands for anti-configuration, whereas, Z-configuration stands for same side configuration.

The determination of configuration is done on the basis of the atomic/molecular mass of the atoms/groups attached to double bonded carbon atoms. If both higher atomic/molecular mass atom/groups are placed at the same side, then it is said to be Z-configuration and in E-configuration, these groups will be at anti-position.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The structure of (R)-2-hydroxypropanoic acidshould be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Enantiomers are optical isomers, which can rotate the plane polarized light clockwise or anticlockwise. These molecules must have at least one chiral C atom, i.e., the carbon atom bonded with four different groups. They are assigned by R and S configuration.

The R/S naming follows the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules for naming the enantiomer as R or S-enantiomer. According to Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, assign the numbers from 1 to 4 to the groups bonded with chiral C atom on the basis of their molar mass. The essential condition is that the 4^th group or atom must be below the plane. If the movement from 1(2(3 group is clockwise, then it will be R-configuration, and if it is anticlockwise, then it will be S-configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in plane, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4^th group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Flip the configuration to get the real configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in above the plane shown by wedge line, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4 group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The structure of (S)-2-aminopropanoate anionshould be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Enantiomers are optical isomers, which can rotate the plane polarized light clockwise or anticlockwise. These molecules must have at least one chiral C atom, i.e., the carbon atom bonded with four different groups. They are assigned by R and S configuration.

The R/S naming follows the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules for naming the enantiomer as R or S-enantiomer. According to Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, assign the numbers from 1 to 4 to the groups bonded with chiral C atom on the basis of their molar mass. The essential condition is that the 4^th group or atom must be below the plane. If the movement from 1(2(3 group is clockwise, then it will be R-configuration, and if it is anticlockwise, then it will be S-configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in plane, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4^th group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Flip the configuration to get the real configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in above the plane shown by wedge line, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4 group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Molecules that have multiple bonds between their carbon atoms. Alkenes are hydrocarbons with a double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms (R 2 C=CR 2 ), whereas alkynes are hydrocarbons with a triple bond between two adjacent carbon atoms R-C=C-R . These two groups are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons. They have fewer hydrogen atoms when compared with alkanes with same number of carbon atoms. The general molecular formula for an unsaturated hydrocarbon can be represented as C n H 2n +2 .

Chapter 26, Problem 66E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The structure of (R)-1-bromo-1-chloroethane should be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Enantiomers are optical isomers, which can rotate the plane polarized light clockwise or anticlockwise. These molecules must have at least one chiral C atom, i.e., the carbon atom bonded with four different groups. They are assigned by R and S configuration.

The R/S naming follows the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules for naming the enantiomer as R or S-enantiomer. According to Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, assign the numbers from 1 to 4 to the groups bonded with chiral C atom on the basis of their molar mass. The essential condition is that the 4^th group or atom must be below the plane. If the movement from 1(2(3 group is clockwise, then it will be R-configuration, and if it is anticlockwise, then it will be S-configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in plane, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4^th group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Flip the configuration to get the real configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in above the plane shown by wedge line, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4 group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The structure of (E)-2-bromopent-2-eneshould be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with double covalent bond between carbon-carbon atoms. On the basis of groups bonded with the double bonded carbon atoms, alkenes can be classified as E and Z-configuration.

The E-configuration stands for anti-configuration, whereas, Z-configuration stands for same side configuration.

The determination of configuration is done on the basis of the atomic/molecular mass of the atoms/groups attached to double bonded carbon atoms. If both higher atomic/molecular mass atom/groups are placed at the same side, then it is said to be Z-configuration and in E-configuration, these groups will be at anti-position.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The structure of (Z)-1-chloro-3-ethylhept-3-ene should be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with double covalent bond between carbon-carbon atoms. On the basis of groups bonded with the double bonded carbon atoms, alkenes can be classified as E and Z-configuration.

The E-configuration stands for anti-configuration, whereas, Z-configuration stands for same side configuration.

The determination of configuration is done on the basis of the atomic/molecular mass of the atoms/groups attached to double bonded carbon atoms. If both higher atomic/molecular mass atom/groups are placed at the same side, then it is said to be Z-configuration and in E-configuration, these groups will be at anti-position.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The structure of (R)-2-hydroxypropanoic acidshould be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Enantiomers are optical isomers, which can rotate the plane polarized light clockwise or anticlockwise. These molecules must have at least one chiral C atom, i.e., the carbon atom bonded with four different groups. They are assigned by R and S configuration.

The R/S naming follows the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules for naming the enantiomer as R or S-enantiomer. According to Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, assign the numbers from 1 to 4 to the groups bonded with chiral C atom on the basis of their molar mass. The essential condition is that the 4^th group or atom must be below the plane. If the movement from 1(2(3 group is clockwise, then it will be R-configuration, and if it is anticlockwise, then it will be S-configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in plane, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4^th group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Flip the configuration to get the real configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in above the plane shown by wedge line, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4 group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The structure of (S)-2-aminopropanoate anionshould be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Enantiomers are optical isomers, which can rotate the plane polarized light clockwise or anticlockwise. These molecules must have at least one chiral C atom, i.e., the carbon atom bonded with four different groups. They are assigned by R and S configuration.

The R/S naming follows the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules for naming the enantiomer as R or S-enantiomer. According to Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, assign the numbers from 1 to 4 to the groups bonded with chiral C atom on the basis of their molar mass. The essential condition is that the 4^th group or atom must be below the plane. If the movement from 1(2(3 group is clockwise, then it will be R-configuration, and if it is anticlockwise, then it will be S-configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in plane, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4^th group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Flip the configuration to get the real configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in above the plane shown by wedge line, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4 group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Molecules that have multiple bonds between their carbon atoms. Alkenes are hydrocarbons with a double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms (R 2 C=CR 2 ), whereas alkynes are hydrocarbons with a triple bond between two adjacent carbon atoms R-C=C-R . These two groups are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons. They have fewer hydrogen atoms when compared with alkanes with same number of carbon atoms. The general molecular formula for an unsaturated hydrocarbon can be represented as C n H 2n +2 .

Chapter 26, Problem 66E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The structure of (R)-1-bromo-1-chloroethane should be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Enantiomers are optical isomers, which can rotate the plane polarized light clockwise or anticlockwise. These molecules must have at least one chiral C atom, i.e., the carbon atom bonded with four different groups. They are assigned by R and S configuration.

The R/S naming follows the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules for naming the enantiomer as R or S-enantiomer. According to Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, assign the numbers from 1 to 4 to the groups bonded with chiral C atom on the basis of their molar mass. The essential condition is that the 4^th group or atom must be below the plane. If the movement from 1(2(3 group is clockwise, then it will be R-configuration, and if it is anticlockwise, then it will be S-configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in plane, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4^th group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Flip the configuration to get the real configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in above the plane shown by wedge line, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4 group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The structure of (E)-2-bromopent-2-eneshould be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with double covalent bond between carbon-carbon atoms. On the basis of groups bonded with the double bonded carbon atoms, alkenes can be classified as E and Z-configuration.

The E-configuration stands for anti-configuration, whereas, Z-configuration stands for same side configuration.

The determination of configuration is done on the basis of the atomic/molecular mass of the atoms/groups attached to double bonded carbon atoms. If both higher atomic/molecular mass atom/groups are placed at the same side, then it is said to be Z-configuration and in E-configuration, these groups will be at anti-position.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The structure of (Z)-1-chloro-3-ethylhept-3-ene should be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with double covalent bond between carbon-carbon atoms. On the basis of groups bonded with the double bonded carbon atoms, alkenes can be classified as E and Z-configuration.

The E-configuration stands for anti-configuration, whereas, Z-configuration stands for same side configuration.

The determination of configuration is done on the basis of the atomic/molecular mass of the atoms/groups attached to double bonded carbon atoms. If both higher atomic/molecular mass atom/groups are placed at the same side, then it is said to be Z-configuration and in E-configuration, these groups will be at anti-position.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The structure of (R)-2-hydroxypropanoic acidshould be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Enantiomers are optical isomers, which can rotate the plane polarized light clockwise or anticlockwise. These molecules must have at least one chiral C atom, i.e., the carbon atom bonded with four different groups. They are assigned by R and S configuration.

The R/S naming follows the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules for naming the enantiomer as R or S-enantiomer. According to Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, assign the numbers from 1 to 4 to the groups bonded with chiral C atom on the basis of their molar mass. The essential condition is that the 4^th group or atom must be below the plane. If the movement from 1(2(3 group is clockwise, then it will be R-configuration, and if it is anticlockwise, then it will be S-configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in plane, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4^th group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Flip the configuration to get the real configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in above the plane shown by wedge line, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4 group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The structure of (S)-2-aminopropanoate anionshould be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Enantiomers are optical isomers, which can rotate the plane polarized light clockwise or anticlockwise. These molecules must have at least one chiral C atom, i.e., the carbon atom bonded with four different groups. They are assigned by R and S configuration.

The R/S naming follows the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules for naming the enantiomer as R or S-enantiomer. According to Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, assign the numbers from 1 to 4 to the groups bonded with chiral C atom on the basis of their molar mass. The essential condition is that the 4^th group or atom must be below the plane. If the movement from 1(2(3 group is clockwise, then it will be R-configuration, and if it is anticlockwise, then it will be S-configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in plane, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4^th group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Flip the configuration to get the real configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in above the plane shown by wedge line, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4 group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 5

Chapter 26, Problem 66E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The structure of (R)-1-bromo-1-chloroethane should be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Enantiomers are optical isomers, which can rotate the plane polarized light clockwise or anticlockwise. These molecules must have at least one chiral C atom, i.e., the carbon atom bonded with four different groups. They are assigned by R and S configuration.

The R/S naming follows the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules for naming the enantiomer as R or S-enantiomer. According to Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, assign the numbers from 1 to 4 to the groups bonded with chiral C atom on the basis of their molar mass. The essential condition is that the 4^th group or atom must be below the plane. If the movement from 1(2(3 group is clockwise, then it will be R-configuration, and if it is anticlockwise, then it will be S-configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in plane, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4^th group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Flip the configuration to get the real configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in above the plane shown by wedge line, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4 group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The structure of (E)-2-bromopent-2-eneshould be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with double covalent bond between carbon-carbon atoms. On the basis of groups bonded with the double bonded carbon atoms, alkenes can be classified as E and Z-configuration.

The E-configuration stands for anti-configuration, whereas, Z-configuration stands for same side configuration.

The determination of configuration is done on the basis of the atomic/molecular mass of the atoms/groups attached to double bonded carbon atoms. If both higher atomic/molecular mass atom/groups are placed at the same side, then it is said to be Z-configuration and in E-configuration, these groups will be at anti-position.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The structure of (Z)-1-chloro-3-ethylhept-3-ene should be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with double covalent bond between carbon-carbon atoms. On the basis of groups bonded with the double bonded carbon atoms, alkenes can be classified as E and Z-configuration.

The E-configuration stands for anti-configuration, whereas, Z-configuration stands for same side configuration.

The determination of configuration is done on the basis of the atomic/molecular mass of the atoms/groups attached to double bonded carbon atoms. If both higher atomic/molecular mass atom/groups are placed at the same side, then it is said to be Z-configuration and in E-configuration, these groups will be at anti-position.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The structure of (R)-2-hydroxypropanoic acidshould be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Enantiomers are optical isomers, which can rotate the plane polarized light clockwise or anticlockwise. These molecules must have at least one chiral C atom, i.e., the carbon atom bonded with four different groups. They are assigned by R and S configuration.

The R/S naming follows the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules for naming the enantiomer as R or S-enantiomer. According to Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, assign the numbers from 1 to 4 to the groups bonded with chiral C atom on the basis of their molar mass. The essential condition is that the 4^th group or atom must be below the plane. If the movement from 1(2(3 group is clockwise, then it will be R-configuration, and if it is anticlockwise, then it will be S-configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in plane, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4^th group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Flip the configuration to get the real configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in above the plane shown by wedge line, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4 group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The structure of (S)-2-aminopropanoate anionshould be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Enantiomers are optical isomers, which can rotate the plane polarized light clockwise or anticlockwise. These molecules must have at least one chiral C atom, i.e., the carbon atom bonded with four different groups. They are assigned by R and S configuration.

The R/S naming follows the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules for naming the enantiomer as R or S-enantiomer. According to Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, assign the numbers from 1 to 4 to the groups bonded with chiral C atom on the basis of their molar mass. The essential condition is that the 4^th group or atom must be below the plane. If the movement from 1(2(3 group is clockwise, then it will be R-configuration, and if it is anticlockwise, then it will be S-configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in plane, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4^th group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Flip the configuration to get the real configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in above the plane shown by wedge line, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4 group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Answer 6

Chapter 26, Problem 66E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The structure of (R)-1-bromo-1-chloroethane should be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Enantiomers are optical isomers, which can rotate the plane polarized light clockwise or anticlockwise. These molecules must have at least one chiral C atom, i.e., the carbon atom bonded with four different groups. They are assigned by R and S configuration.

The R/S naming follows the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules for naming the enantiomer as R or S-enantiomer. According to Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, assign the numbers from 1 to 4 to the groups bonded with chiral C atom on the basis of their molar mass. The essential condition is that the 4^th group or atom must be below the plane. If the movement from 1(2(3 group is clockwise, then it will be R-configuration, and if it is anticlockwise, then it will be S-configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in plane, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4^th group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Flip the configuration to get the real configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in above the plane shown by wedge line, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4 group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Answer 7

Chapter 26, Problem 66E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The structure of (R)-1-bromo-1-chloroethane should be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Enantiomers are optical isomers, which can rotate the plane polarized light clockwise or anticlockwise. These molecules must have at least one chiral C atom, i.e., the carbon atom bonded with four different groups. They are assigned by R and S configuration.

The R/S naming follows the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules for naming the enantiomer as R or S-enantiomer. According to Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, assign the numbers from 1 to 4 to the groups bonded with chiral C atom on the basis of their molar mass. The essential condition is that the 4^th group or atom must be below the plane. If the movement from 1(2(3 group is clockwise, then it will be R-configuration, and if it is anticlockwise, then it will be S-configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in plane, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4^th group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Flip the configuration to get the real configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in above the plane shown by wedge line, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4 group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The structure of (E)-2-bromopent-2-eneshould be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with double covalent bond between carbon-carbon atoms. On the basis of groups bonded with the double bonded carbon atoms, alkenes can be classified as E and Z-configuration.

The E-configuration stands for anti-configuration, whereas, Z-configuration stands for same side configuration.

The determination of configuration is done on the basis of the atomic/molecular mass of the atoms/groups attached to double bonded carbon atoms. If both higher atomic/molecular mass atom/groups are placed at the same side, then it is said to be Z-configuration and in E-configuration, these groups will be at anti-position.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The structure of (E)-2-bromopent-2-eneshould be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with double covalent bond between carbon-carbon atoms. On the basis of groups bonded with the double bonded carbon atoms, alkenes can be classified as E and Z-configuration.

The E-configuration stands for anti-configuration, whereas, Z-configuration stands for same side configuration.

The determination of configuration is done on the basis of the atomic/molecular mass of the atoms/groups attached to double bonded carbon atoms. If both higher atomic/molecular mass atom/groups are placed at the same side, then it is said to be Z-configuration and in E-configuration, these groups will be at anti-position.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The structure of (Z)-1-chloro-3-ethylhept-3-ene should be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with double covalent bond between carbon-carbon atoms. On the basis of groups bonded with the double bonded carbon atoms, alkenes can be classified as E and Z-configuration.

The E-configuration stands for anti-configuration, whereas, Z-configuration stands for same side configuration.

The determination of configuration is done on the basis of the atomic/molecular mass of the atoms/groups attached to double bonded carbon atoms. If both higher atomic/molecular mass atom/groups are placed at the same side, then it is said to be Z-configuration and in E-configuration, these groups will be at anti-position.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The structure of (Z)-1-chloro-3-ethylhept-3-ene should be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with double covalent bond between carbon-carbon atoms. On the basis of groups bonded with the double bonded carbon atoms, alkenes can be classified as E and Z-configuration.

The E-configuration stands for anti-configuration, whereas, Z-configuration stands for same side configuration.

The determination of configuration is done on the basis of the atomic/molecular mass of the atoms/groups attached to double bonded carbon atoms. If both higher atomic/molecular mass atom/groups are placed at the same side, then it is said to be Z-configuration and in E-configuration, these groups will be at anti-position.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The structure of (R)-2-hydroxypropanoic acidshould be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Enantiomers are optical isomers, which can rotate the plane polarized light clockwise or anticlockwise. These molecules must have at least one chiral C atom, i.e., the carbon atom bonded with four different groups. They are assigned by R and S configuration.

The R/S naming follows the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules for naming the enantiomer as R or S-enantiomer. According to Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, assign the numbers from 1 to 4 to the groups bonded with chiral C atom on the basis of their molar mass. The essential condition is that the 4^th group or atom must be below the plane. If the movement from 1(2(3 group is clockwise, then it will be R-configuration, and if it is anticlockwise, then it will be S-configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in plane, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4^th group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Flip the configuration to get the real configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in above the plane shown by wedge line, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4 group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The structure of (R)-2-hydroxypropanoic acidshould be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Enantiomers are optical isomers, which can rotate the plane polarized light clockwise or anticlockwise. These molecules must have at least one chiral C atom, i.e., the carbon atom bonded with four different groups. They are assigned by R and S configuration.

The R/S naming follows the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules for naming the enantiomer as R or S-enantiomer. According to Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, assign the numbers from 1 to 4 to the groups bonded with chiral C atom on the basis of their molar mass. The essential condition is that the 4^th group or atom must be below the plane. If the movement from 1(2(3 group is clockwise, then it will be R-configuration, and if it is anticlockwise, then it will be S-configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in plane, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4^th group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Flip the configuration to get the real configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in above the plane shown by wedge line, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4 group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Answer 14

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The structure of (S)-2-aminopropanoate anionshould be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Enantiomers are optical isomers, which can rotate the plane polarized light clockwise or anticlockwise. These molecules must have at least one chiral C atom, i.e., the carbon atom bonded with four different groups. They are assigned by R and S configuration.

The R/S naming follows the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules for naming the enantiomer as R or S-enantiomer. According to Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, assign the numbers from 1 to 4 to the groups bonded with chiral C atom on the basis of their molar mass. The essential condition is that the 4^th group or atom must be below the plane. If the movement from 1(2(3 group is clockwise, then it will be R-configuration, and if it is anticlockwise, then it will be S-configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in plane, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4^th group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Flip the configuration to get the real configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in above the plane shown by wedge line, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4 group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Answer 15

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The structure of (S)-2-aminopropanoate anionshould be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Enantiomers are optical isomers, which can rotate the plane polarized light clockwise or anticlockwise. These molecules must have at least one chiral C atom, i.e., the carbon atom bonded with four different groups. They are assigned by R and S configuration.

The R/S naming follows the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules for naming the enantiomer as R or S-enantiomer. According to Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, assign the numbers from 1 to 4 to the groups bonded with chiral C atom on the basis of their molar mass. The essential condition is that the 4^th group or atom must be below the plane. If the movement from 1(2(3 group is clockwise, then it will be R-configuration, and if it is anticlockwise, then it will be S-configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in plane, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4^th group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Flip the configuration to get the real configuration.

If the 4^th number group is in above the plane shown by wedge line, then follow the following steps:

Swap the 4 group with the group with the group present below the plane.

Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.

Answer 16

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 17

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 18

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Answer 19

Ch. 26 - Prob. 1E Ch. 26 - Draw a structural formula for each of the...Ch. 26 - Prob. 3E Ch. 26 - Write structural formulas corresponding to these...Ch. 26 - Prob. 5E Ch. 26 - Prob. 6E Ch. 26 - Prob. 7E Ch. 26 - Prob. 8E Ch. 26 - What is the relationship, if any, between the...Ch. 26 - Prob. 10E

Solution Summary: The author explains how the structure of (R)-1-bromo-chloroethane is drawn. Enantiomers rotate the plane polarized light clockwise or anticlockwise.

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Chapter 26 Solutions