(a) Interpretation: From the given monomers which monomer will undergo anionic polymerization is to be given. Concept introduction: In any free radical polymerization reaction generally, three steps are involved viz. initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step, free radicals are generated from either monomer or from another compound such as hydrogen peroxide or benzoyl peroxide called a radical initiator instead of radical cations and anions also used for this purpose. In propagation, step radicals react with the monomer to grow the chain to build up polymer and this process is called a chain-growth polymerization or addition polymerization. If the polymerization reaction is initiated by cation, then it called cationic polymerization and when the anion is used, it called anionic polymerization. Generally, the vinyl monomer will undergo anionic polymerization when the electron-withdrawing group(s) are attached to the C=C bond and it will undergo cationic polymerization when the electron-donating group(s) are attached to the C=C bond. The addition (cationic or anionic) which forms more stable species will undergo that type of polymerization readily. The cation will be generated by electrophilic-addition of the electrophile, E + across the C=C bond and an anion is generated by nucleophilic addition of nucleophile, Nu - .

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Definition Definition Chemical process in which one or more monomers combine to produce a very large chain-like molecule called a polymer. The functional groups present on the monomers and their steric effects are responsible for polymerization through a sequence of reactions that vary in complexity. There exists a stable covalent chemical bond between monomers that sets apart polymerization from other processes.

Chapter 26, Problem 26.38P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

From the given monomers which monomer will undergo anionic polymerization is to be given.

Concept introduction:

In any free radical polymerization reaction generally, three steps are involved viz. initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step, free radicals are generated from either monomer or from another compound such as hydrogen peroxide or benzoyl peroxide called a radical initiator instead of radical cations and anions also used for this purpose. In propagation, step radicals react with the monomer to grow the chain to build up polymer and this process is called a chain-growth polymerization or addition polymerization. If the polymerization reaction is initiated by cation, then it called cationic polymerization and when the anion is used, it called anionic polymerization. Generally, the vinyl monomer will undergo anionic polymerization when the electron-withdrawing group(s) are attached to the C=C bond and it will undergo cationic polymerization when the electron-donating group(s) are attached to the C=C bond. The addition (cationic or anionic) which forms more stable species will undergo that type of polymerization readily. The cation will be generated by electrophilic-addition of the electrophile, E+ across the C=C bond and an anion is generated by nucleophilic addition of nucleophile, Nu-.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

From the given monomer which monomer will undergo cationic polymerization is to be given.

Concept introduction:

In any free radical polymerization reaction generally, three steps are involved viz. initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step, free radicals are generated from either monomer or from another compound such as hydrogen peroxide or benzoyl peroxide called a radical initiator instead of radical cations and anions also used for this purpose. In propagation, step radicals react with the monomer to grow the chain to build up polymer and this process is called a chain-growth polymerization or addition polymerization. If the polymerization reaction is initiated by cation, then it called cationic polymerization and when the anion is used, it called anionic polymerization. Generally, the vinyl monomer will undergo anionic polymerization when the electron-withdrawing group(s) are attached to the C=C bond and it will undergo cationic polymerization when the electron-donating group(s) are attached to the C=C bond. The addition (cationic or anionic) which forms more stable species will undergo that type of polymerization readily. The cation will be generated by electrophilic-addition of the electrophile, E+ across the C=C bond and an anion is generated by nucleophilic addition of nucleophile, Nu-.

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(a 4 shows scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of extruded actions of packing bed for two capillary columns of different diameters, al 750 (bottom image) and b) 30-μm-i.d. Both columns are packed with the same stationary phase, spherical particles with 1-um diameter. A) When the columns were prepared, the figure shows that the column with the larger diameter has more packing irregularities. Explain this observation. B) Predict what affect this should have on band broadening and discuss your prediction using the van Deemter terms. C) Does this figure support your explanations in application question 33? Explain why or why not and make any changes in your answers in light of this figure. Figure 4 SEM images of sections of packed columns for a) 750 and b) 30-um-i.d. capillary columns.³

fcrip = ↓ bandwidth Il temp 32. What impact (increase, decrease, or no change) does each of the following conditions have on the individual components of the van Deemter equation and consequently, band broadening? Increase temperature Longer column Using a gas mobile phase instead of liquid Smaller particle stationary phase Multiple Paths Diffusion Mass Transfer

34. Figure 3 shows Van Deemter plots for a solute molecule using different column inner diameters (i.d.). A) Predict whether decreasing the column inner diameters increase or decrease bandwidth. B) Predict which van Deemter equation coefficient (A, B, or C) has the greatest effect on increasing or decreasing bandwidth as a function of i.d. and justify your answer. Figure 3 Van Deemter plots for hydroquinone using different column inner diameters (i.d. in μm). The data was obtained from liquid chromatography experiments using fused-silica capillary columns packed with 1.0-μm particles. 35 20 H(um) 큰 20 15 90 0+ 1500 100 75 550 01 02 594 05 μ(cm/sec) 30 15 10

Answer 2

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Definition Definition Chemical process in which one or more monomers combine to produce a very large chain-like molecule called a polymer. The functional groups present on the monomers and their steric effects are responsible for polymerization through a sequence of reactions that vary in complexity. There exists a stable covalent chemical bond between monomers that sets apart polymerization from other processes.

Chapter 26, Problem 26.38P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

From the given monomers which monomer will undergo anionic polymerization is to be given.

Concept introduction:

In any free radical polymerization reaction generally, three steps are involved viz. initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step, free radicals are generated from either monomer or from another compound such as hydrogen peroxide or benzoyl peroxide called a radical initiator instead of radical cations and anions also used for this purpose. In propagation, step radicals react with the monomer to grow the chain to build up polymer and this process is called a chain-growth polymerization or addition polymerization. If the polymerization reaction is initiated by cation, then it called cationic polymerization and when the anion is used, it called anionic polymerization. Generally, the vinyl monomer will undergo anionic polymerization when the electron-withdrawing group(s) are attached to the C=C bond and it will undergo cationic polymerization when the electron-donating group(s) are attached to the C=C bond. The addition (cationic or anionic) which forms more stable species will undergo that type of polymerization readily. The cation will be generated by electrophilic-addition of the electrophile, E+ across the C=C bond and an anion is generated by nucleophilic addition of nucleophile, Nu-.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

From the given monomer which monomer will undergo cationic polymerization is to be given.

Concept introduction:

In any free radical polymerization reaction generally, three steps are involved viz. initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step, free radicals are generated from either monomer or from another compound such as hydrogen peroxide or benzoyl peroxide called a radical initiator instead of radical cations and anions also used for this purpose. In propagation, step radicals react with the monomer to grow the chain to build up polymer and this process is called a chain-growth polymerization or addition polymerization. If the polymerization reaction is initiated by cation, then it called cationic polymerization and when the anion is used, it called anionic polymerization. Generally, the vinyl monomer will undergo anionic polymerization when the electron-withdrawing group(s) are attached to the C=C bond and it will undergo cationic polymerization when the electron-donating group(s) are attached to the C=C bond. The addition (cationic or anionic) which forms more stable species will undergo that type of polymerization readily. The cation will be generated by electrophilic-addition of the electrophile, E+ across the C=C bond and an anion is generated by nucleophilic addition of nucleophile, Nu-.

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Answer 3

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Definition Definition Chemical process in which one or more monomers combine to produce a very large chain-like molecule called a polymer. The functional groups present on the monomers and their steric effects are responsible for polymerization through a sequence of reactions that vary in complexity. There exists a stable covalent chemical bond between monomers that sets apart polymerization from other processes.

Chapter 26, Problem 26.38P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

From the given monomers which monomer will undergo anionic polymerization is to be given.

Concept introduction:

In any free radical polymerization reaction generally, three steps are involved viz. initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step, free radicals are generated from either monomer or from another compound such as hydrogen peroxide or benzoyl peroxide called a radical initiator instead of radical cations and anions also used for this purpose. In propagation, step radicals react with the monomer to grow the chain to build up polymer and this process is called a chain-growth polymerization or addition polymerization. If the polymerization reaction is initiated by cation, then it called cationic polymerization and when the anion is used, it called anionic polymerization. Generally, the vinyl monomer will undergo anionic polymerization when the electron-withdrawing group(s) are attached to the C=C bond and it will undergo cationic polymerization when the electron-donating group(s) are attached to the C=C bond. The addition (cationic or anionic) which forms more stable species will undergo that type of polymerization readily. The cation will be generated by electrophilic-addition of the electrophile, E+ across the C=C bond and an anion is generated by nucleophilic addition of nucleophile, Nu-.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

From the given monomer which monomer will undergo cationic polymerization is to be given.

Concept introduction:

In any free radical polymerization reaction generally, three steps are involved viz. initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step, free radicals are generated from either monomer or from another compound such as hydrogen peroxide or benzoyl peroxide called a radical initiator instead of radical cations and anions also used for this purpose. In propagation, step radicals react with the monomer to grow the chain to build up polymer and this process is called a chain-growth polymerization or addition polymerization. If the polymerization reaction is initiated by cation, then it called cationic polymerization and when the anion is used, it called anionic polymerization. Generally, the vinyl monomer will undergo anionic polymerization when the electron-withdrawing group(s) are attached to the C=C bond and it will undergo cationic polymerization when the electron-donating group(s) are attached to the C=C bond. The addition (cationic or anionic) which forms more stable species will undergo that type of polymerization readily. The cation will be generated by electrophilic-addition of the electrophile, E+ across the C=C bond and an anion is generated by nucleophilic addition of nucleophile, Nu-.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Chemical process in which one or more monomers combine to produce a very large chain-like molecule called a polymer. The functional groups present on the monomers and their steric effects are responsible for polymerization through a sequence of reactions that vary in complexity. There exists a stable covalent chemical bond between monomers that sets apart polymerization from other processes.

Chapter 26, Problem 26.38P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

From the given monomers which monomer will undergo anionic polymerization is to be given.

Concept introduction:

In any free radical polymerization reaction generally, three steps are involved viz. initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step, free radicals are generated from either monomer or from another compound such as hydrogen peroxide or benzoyl peroxide called a radical initiator instead of radical cations and anions also used for this purpose. In propagation, step radicals react with the monomer to grow the chain to build up polymer and this process is called a chain-growth polymerization or addition polymerization. If the polymerization reaction is initiated by cation, then it called cationic polymerization and when the anion is used, it called anionic polymerization. Generally, the vinyl monomer will undergo anionic polymerization when the electron-withdrawing group(s) are attached to the C=C bond and it will undergo cationic polymerization when the electron-donating group(s) are attached to the C=C bond. The addition (cationic or anionic) which forms more stable species will undergo that type of polymerization readily. The cation will be generated by electrophilic-addition of the electrophile, E+ across the C=C bond and an anion is generated by nucleophilic addition of nucleophile, Nu-.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

From the given monomer which monomer will undergo cationic polymerization is to be given.

Concept introduction:

In any free radical polymerization reaction generally, three steps are involved viz. initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step, free radicals are generated from either monomer or from another compound such as hydrogen peroxide or benzoyl peroxide called a radical initiator instead of radical cations and anions also used for this purpose. In propagation, step radicals react with the monomer to grow the chain to build up polymer and this process is called a chain-growth polymerization or addition polymerization. If the polymerization reaction is initiated by cation, then it called cationic polymerization and when the anion is used, it called anionic polymerization. Generally, the vinyl monomer will undergo anionic polymerization when the electron-withdrawing group(s) are attached to the C=C bond and it will undergo cationic polymerization when the electron-donating group(s) are attached to the C=C bond. The addition (cationic or anionic) which forms more stable species will undergo that type of polymerization readily. The cation will be generated by electrophilic-addition of the electrophile, E+ across the C=C bond and an anion is generated by nucleophilic addition of nucleophile, Nu-.

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Answer 5

Chapter 26, Problem 26.38P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

From the given monomers which monomer will undergo anionic polymerization is to be given.

Concept introduction:

In any free radical polymerization reaction generally, three steps are involved viz. initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step, free radicals are generated from either monomer or from another compound such as hydrogen peroxide or benzoyl peroxide called a radical initiator instead of radical cations and anions also used for this purpose. In propagation, step radicals react with the monomer to grow the chain to build up polymer and this process is called a chain-growth polymerization or addition polymerization. If the polymerization reaction is initiated by cation, then it called cationic polymerization and when the anion is used, it called anionic polymerization. Generally, the vinyl monomer will undergo anionic polymerization when the electron-withdrawing group(s) are attached to the C=C bond and it will undergo cationic polymerization when the electron-donating group(s) are attached to the C=C bond. The addition (cationic or anionic) which forms more stable species will undergo that type of polymerization readily. The cation will be generated by electrophilic-addition of the electrophile, E+ across the C=C bond and an anion is generated by nucleophilic addition of nucleophile, Nu-.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

From the given monomer which monomer will undergo cationic polymerization is to be given.

Concept introduction:

In any free radical polymerization reaction generally, three steps are involved viz. initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step, free radicals are generated from either monomer or from another compound such as hydrogen peroxide or benzoyl peroxide called a radical initiator instead of radical cations and anions also used for this purpose. In propagation, step radicals react with the monomer to grow the chain to build up polymer and this process is called a chain-growth polymerization or addition polymerization. If the polymerization reaction is initiated by cation, then it called cationic polymerization and when the anion is used, it called anionic polymerization. Generally, the vinyl monomer will undergo anionic polymerization when the electron-withdrawing group(s) are attached to the C=C bond and it will undergo cationic polymerization when the electron-donating group(s) are attached to the C=C bond. The addition (cationic or anionic) which forms more stable species will undergo that type of polymerization readily. The cation will be generated by electrophilic-addition of the electrophile, E+ across the C=C bond and an anion is generated by nucleophilic addition of nucleophile, Nu-.

Answer 6

Chapter 26, Problem 26.38P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

From the given monomers which monomer will undergo anionic polymerization is to be given.

Concept introduction:

In any free radical polymerization reaction generally, three steps are involved viz. initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step, free radicals are generated from either monomer or from another compound such as hydrogen peroxide or benzoyl peroxide called a radical initiator instead of radical cations and anions also used for this purpose. In propagation, step radicals react with the monomer to grow the chain to build up polymer and this process is called a chain-growth polymerization or addition polymerization. If the polymerization reaction is initiated by cation, then it called cationic polymerization and when the anion is used, it called anionic polymerization. Generally, the vinyl monomer will undergo anionic polymerization when the electron-withdrawing group(s) are attached to the C=C bond and it will undergo cationic polymerization when the electron-donating group(s) are attached to the C=C bond. The addition (cationic or anionic) which forms more stable species will undergo that type of polymerization readily. The cation will be generated by electrophilic-addition of the electrophile, E+ across the C=C bond and an anion is generated by nucleophilic addition of nucleophile, Nu-.

Answer 7

Chapter 26, Problem 26.38P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

From the given monomers which monomer will undergo anionic polymerization is to be given.

Concept introduction:

In any free radical polymerization reaction generally, three steps are involved viz. initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step, free radicals are generated from either monomer or from another compound such as hydrogen peroxide or benzoyl peroxide called a radical initiator instead of radical cations and anions also used for this purpose. In propagation, step radicals react with the monomer to grow the chain to build up polymer and this process is called a chain-growth polymerization or addition polymerization. If the polymerization reaction is initiated by cation, then it called cationic polymerization and when the anion is used, it called anionic polymerization. Generally, the vinyl monomer will undergo anionic polymerization when the electron-withdrawing group(s) are attached to the C=C bond and it will undergo cationic polymerization when the electron-donating group(s) are attached to the C=C bond. The addition (cationic or anionic) which forms more stable species will undergo that type of polymerization readily. The cation will be generated by electrophilic-addition of the electrophile, E+ across the C=C bond and an anion is generated by nucleophilic addition of nucleophile, Nu-.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

From the given monomer which monomer will undergo cationic polymerization is to be given.

Concept introduction:

In any free radical polymerization reaction generally, three steps are involved viz. initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step, free radicals are generated from either monomer or from another compound such as hydrogen peroxide or benzoyl peroxide called a radical initiator instead of radical cations and anions also used for this purpose. In propagation, step radicals react with the monomer to grow the chain to build up polymer and this process is called a chain-growth polymerization or addition polymerization. If the polymerization reaction is initiated by cation, then it called cationic polymerization and when the anion is used, it called anionic polymerization. Generally, the vinyl monomer will undergo anionic polymerization when the electron-withdrawing group(s) are attached to the C=C bond and it will undergo cationic polymerization when the electron-donating group(s) are attached to the C=C bond. The addition (cationic or anionic) which forms more stable species will undergo that type of polymerization readily. The cation will be generated by electrophilic-addition of the electrophile, E+ across the C=C bond and an anion is generated by nucleophilic addition of nucleophile, Nu-.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

From the given monomer which monomer will undergo cationic polymerization is to be given.

Concept introduction:

In any free radical polymerization reaction generally, three steps are involved viz. initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step, free radicals are generated from either monomer or from another compound such as hydrogen peroxide or benzoyl peroxide called a radical initiator instead of radical cations and anions also used for this purpose. In propagation, step radicals react with the monomer to grow the chain to build up polymer and this process is called a chain-growth polymerization or addition polymerization. If the polymerization reaction is initiated by cation, then it called cationic polymerization and when the anion is used, it called anionic polymerization. Generally, the vinyl monomer will undergo anionic polymerization when the electron-withdrawing group(s) are attached to the C=C bond and it will undergo cationic polymerization when the electron-donating group(s) are attached to the C=C bond. The addition (cationic or anionic) which forms more stable species will undergo that type of polymerization readily. The cation will be generated by electrophilic-addition of the electrophile, E+ across the C=C bond and an anion is generated by nucleophilic addition of nucleophile, Nu-.

Answer 10

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Ch. 26 - Prob. 26.1P Ch. 26 - Prob. 26.2P Ch. 26 - Prob. 26.3P Ch. 26 - Prob. 26.4P Ch. 26 - Prob. 26.5P Ch. 26 - Prob. 26.6P Ch. 26 - Prob. 26.7P Ch. 26 - Prob. 26.8P Ch. 26 - Prob. 26.9P Ch. 26 - Prob. 26.10P

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