General, Organic, And Biological Chemistry, Hybrid (with Owlv2 Quick Prep For General Chemistry Printed Access Card)
General, Organic, And Biological Chemistry, Hybrid (with Owlv2 Quick Prep For General Chemistry Printed Access Card)
7th Edition
ISBN: 9781305253070
Author: STOKER, H. Stephen
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 26, Problem 26.115EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To indicate whether B vitamin niacin is involved as a cofactor in the processes of (1) transamination, (2) oxidative deamination, (3) urea cycle, (4) carbon skeleton degradation to CAC intermediates, or (5) carbon skeleton degradation to non-CAC intermediates.

Concept introduction:

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. The coenzymes containing B-vitamin serve as temporary carriers of atoms or functional groups in the redox and group transfer reactions associated with the metabolism of ingested food in order to obtain energy from the food.

Transamination reaction is a biochemical reaction that involves the transfer of an amino group. In transamination reaction exchange of an amino group from an α-amino acid with a keto group of α-keto acid. There occurs no net loss or gain of amino acid in transamination reaction.

A biochemical reaction in which an α-amino acid is converted into α-keto acid along with the release of an ammonium ion is known as oxidative deamination reaction.

A urea cycle is a cyclic biochemical pathway that involves the production of urea using ammonium ions and aspartate molecules as nitrogen sources. The reactants in the formation of carbamoyl phosphate are ammonium ion, water, and carbon dioxide. The desired product of the urea cycle is urea.

There are 20 standard amino acids. Each amino acid has a different carbon skeleton and has a different degradation pathway for its carbon skeleton.

(a)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 26.115EP

B vitamin niacin is involved as a cofactor in the process of oxidative deamination and in carbon skeleton degradation to non-CAC intermediates.

Explanation of Solution

Coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) contain the B vitamin niacin.

Oxidative deamination reaction of glutamate requires dehydrogenase enzyme. It is an oxidoreductase enzyme and works with either NADP+ and NAD+ coenzyme. It oxidizes glutamate by reducing the coenzyme used.

The oxidative deamination reaction of glutamate amino acid is as follows:

General, Organic, And Biological Chemistry, Hybrid (with Owlv2 Quick Prep For General Chemistry Printed Access Card), Chapter 26, Problem 26.115EP , additional homework tip  1

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is also involved in the carbon skeleton degradation pathway to non-CAC intermediates. An overview of the B vitamin participations in the degradation pathways for the carbon skeletons of the 20 standard amino acids is as follows:

General, Organic, And Biological Chemistry, Hybrid (with Owlv2 Quick Prep For General Chemistry Printed Access Card), Chapter 26, Problem 26.115EP , additional homework tip  2

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To indicate whether B vitamin folate is involved as a cofactor in the processes of (1) transamination, (2) oxidative deamination, (3) urea cycle, (4) carbon skeleton degradation to CAC intermediates, or (5) carbon skeleton degradation to non-CAC intermediates.

Concept introduction:

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. The coenzymes containing B-vitamin serve as temporary carriers of atoms or functional groups in the redox and group transfer reactions associated with the metabolism of ingested food in order to obtain energy from the food.

Transamination reaction is a biochemical reaction that involves the transfer of an amino group. In transamination reaction exchange of an amino group from an α-amino acid with a keto group of α-keto acid. There occurs no net loss or gain of amino acid in transamination reaction.

A biochemical reaction in which an α-amino acid is converted into α-keto acid along with the release of an ammonium ion is known as oxidative deamination reaction.

A urea cycle is a cyclic biochemical pathway that involves the production of urea using ammonium ions and aspartate molecules as nitrogen sources. The reactants in the formation of carbamoyl phosphate are ammonium ion, water, and carbon dioxide. The desired product of the urea cycle is urea.

There are 20 standard amino acids. Each amino acid has a different carbon skeleton and has a different degradation pathway for its carbon skeleton.

(b)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 26.115EP

B vitamin folate is involved as a cofactor in carbon skeleton degradation to non-CAC intermediates.

Explanation of Solution

Coenzyme tetrahydrofolate (THF) contains the B vitamin folate. Tetrahydrofolate (THF) is involved in the carbon skeleton degradation pathway to non-CAC intermediates. An overview of the B vitamin participations in the degradation pathways for the carbon skeletons of the 20 standard amino acids is as follows:

General, Organic, And Biological Chemistry, Hybrid (with Owlv2 Quick Prep For General Chemistry Printed Access Card), Chapter 26, Problem 26.115EP , additional homework tip  3

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To indicate whether B vitamin biotin is involved as a cofactor in the processes of (1) transamination, (2) oxidative deamination, (3) urea cycle, (4) carbon skeleton degradation to CAC intermediates, or (5) carbon skeleton degradation to non-CAC intermediates.

Concept introduction:

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. The coenzymes containing B-vitamin serve as temporary carriers of atoms or functional groups in the redox and group transfer reactions associated with the metabolism of ingested food in order to obtain energy from the food.

Transamination reaction is a biochemical reaction that involves the transfer of an amino group. In transamination reaction exchange of an amino group from an α-amino acid with a keto group of α-keto acid. There occurs no net loss or gain of amino acid in transamination reaction.

A biochemical reaction in which an α-amino acid is converted into α-keto acid along with the release of an ammonium ion is known as oxidative deamination reaction.

A urea cycle is a cyclic biochemical pathway that involves the production of urea using ammonium ions and aspartate molecules as nitrogen sources. The reactants in the formation of carbamoyl phosphate are ammonium ion, water, and carbon dioxide. The desired product of the urea cycle is urea.

There are 20 standard amino acids. Each amino acid has a different carbon skeleton and has a different degradation pathway for its carbon skeleton.

(c)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 26.115EP

B vitamin biotin is involved as a cofactor in carbon skeleton degradation to CAC intermediates.

Explanation of Solution

Biotin is involved in the carbon skeleton degradation pathway to CAC intermediates. An overview of the B vitamin participations in the degradation pathways for the carbon skeletons of the 20 standard amino acids is as follows:

General, Organic, And Biological Chemistry, Hybrid (with Owlv2 Quick Prep For General Chemistry Printed Access Card), Chapter 26, Problem 26.115EP , additional homework tip  4

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To indicate whether B vitamin vitamin B6 is involved as a cofactor in the processes of (1) transamination, (2) oxidative deamination, (3) urea cycle, (4) carbon skeleton degradation to CAC intermediates, or (5) carbon skeleton degradation to non-CAC intermediates.

Concept introduction:

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. The coenzymes containing B-vitamin serve as temporary carriers of atoms or functional groups in the redox and group transfer reactions associated with the metabolism of ingested food in order to obtain energy from the food.

Transamination reaction is a biochemical reaction that involves the transfer of an amino group. In transamination reaction exchange of an amino group from an α-amino acid with a keto group of α-keto acid. There occurs no net loss or gain of amino acid in transamination reaction.

A biochemical reaction in which an α-amino acid is converted into α-keto acid along with the release of an ammonium ion is known as oxidative deamination reaction.

A urea cycle is a cyclic biochemical pathway that involves the production of urea using ammonium ions and aspartate molecules as nitrogen sources. The reactants in the formation of carbamoyl phosphate are ammonium ion, water, and carbon dioxide. The desired product of the urea cycle is urea.

There are 20 standard amino acids. Each amino acid has a different carbon skeleton and has a different degradation pathway for its carbon skeleton.

(d)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 26.115EP

Vitamin B6 is involved as a cofactor in transamination reaction, carbon skeleton degradation to CAC intermediates, and in carbon skeleton degradation to non-CAC intermediates.

Explanation of Solution

Coenzyme pyridoxal-5'-phosphate(PLP) contains the B vitamin vitamin B6 in its structure.

Transamination reaction involves a simple transfer of amino groups but the overall reaction occurs in several steps and also requires pyridoxal-5'-phosphate(PLP). pyridoxal-5'-phosphate(PLP) is a coenzyme produced from pyridoxine (vitamin B6). The first step of transamination reaction involves the transfer of the amino group to the coenzyme pyridoxine which then transferred to α-keto acid.

Coenzyme pyridoxal-5'-phosphate(PLP) is also involved in the carbon skeleton degradation pathway to non-CAC and CAC intermediates.

An overview of the B vitamin participations in the degradation pathways for the carbon skeletons of the 20 standard amino acids is as follows:

General, Organic, And Biological Chemistry, Hybrid (with Owlv2 Quick Prep For General Chemistry Printed Access Card), Chapter 26, Problem 26.115EP , additional homework tip  5

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Chapter 26 Solutions

General, Organic, And Biological Chemistry, Hybrid (with Owlv2 Quick Prep For General Chemistry Printed Access Card)

Ch. 26.3 - Prob. 4QQCh. 26.3 - Prob. 5QQCh. 26.3 - Most aminotransferases are specific for the keto...Ch. 26.4 - Which of the following statements concerning the...Ch. 26.4 - Prob. 2QQCh. 26.4 - The two fuels for the urea cycle are a. carbamoyl...Ch. 26.4 - Prob. 4QQCh. 26.4 - Prob. 5QQCh. 26.4 - Prob. 6QQCh. 26.5 - Which of the following statements concerning the...Ch. 26.5 - Prob. 2QQCh. 26.5 - Prob. 3QQCh. 26.5 - Prob. 4QQCh. 26.6 - Prob. 1QQCh. 26.6 - How many of the standard amino acids are...Ch. 26.6 - The simplest pathways for amino acid biosynthesis...Ch. 26.7 - Prob. 1QQCh. 26.7 - Which of the following statements concerning the...Ch. 26.7 - Prob. 3QQCh. 26.7 - In the degradation of heme, the iron atom present...Ch. 26.8 - In degradation of the sulfur-containing amino acid...Ch. 26.8 - Prob. 2QQCh. 26.8 - Prob. 3QQCh. 26.8 - Prob. 4QQCh. 26.9 - Prob. 1QQCh. 26.9 - Prob. 2QQCh. 26.9 - Prob. 3QQCh. 26.10 - Prob. 1QQCh. 26.10 - Prob. 2QQCh. 26.10 - Prob. 3QQCh. 26 - Prob. 26.1EPCh. 26 - Indicate whether each of the following aspects of...Ch. 26 - Indicate whether each of the following pairings of...Ch. 26 - Indicate whether each of the following pairings of...Ch. 26 - Indicate whether each of the following statements...Ch. 26 - Prob. 26.6EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.7EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.8EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.9EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.10EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.11EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.12EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.13EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.14EPCh. 26 - Indicate whether each of the following situations...Ch. 26 - Indicate whether each of the following situations...Ch. 26 - Prob. 26.17EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.18EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.19EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.20EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.21EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.22EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.23EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.24EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.25EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.26EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.27EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.28EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.29EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.30EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.31EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.32EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.33EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.34EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.35EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.36EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.37EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.38EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.39EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.40EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.41EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.42EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.43EPCh. 26 - Draw the structure of the -keto acid produced from...Ch. 26 - Prob. 26.45EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.46EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.47EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.48EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.49EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.50EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.51EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.52EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.53EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.54EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.55EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.56EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.57EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.58EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.59EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.60EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.61EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.62EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.63EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.64EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.65EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.66EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.67EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.68EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.69EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.70EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.71EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.72EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.73EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.74EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.75EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.76EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.77EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.78EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.79EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.80EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.81EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.82EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.83EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.84EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.85EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.86EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.87EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.88EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.89EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.90EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.91EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.92EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.93EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.94EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.95EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.96EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.97EPCh. 26 - Which bile pigment is responsible for the...Ch. 26 - Prob. 26.99EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.100EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.101EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.102EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.103EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.104EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.105EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.106EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.107EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.108EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.109EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.110EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.111EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.112EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.113EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.114EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.115EPCh. 26 - Prob. 26.116EP
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