a) Interpretation: The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown. Concept introduction: Aldehydes and ketones with α-hydrogen undergo a base catalyzed carbonyl condensation reaction in aldol condensation. In this reaction two molecules of the reactant combine by forming a bond between α-carbon of one molecule and the carbonyl carbon within the same molecule or of the second molecule to give an aldol. The aldol dehydrates on heating to yield α, β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone. To show: The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Question

Suppose the rate of evaporation in a hot, dry region is 1.76 meters per year, and the seawater there has a salinity of 35 ‰. Assuming a 93% yield, how much salt (NaCl) can be harvested each year from 1 km2 of solar evaporation ponds that use this seawater as a source?

Answer 1

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 23.SE, Problem 49AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones with α-hydrogen undergo a base catalyzed carbonyl condensation reaction in aldol condensation. In this reaction two molecules of the reactant combine by forming a bond between α-carbon of one molecule and the carbonyl carbon within the same molecule or of the second molecule to give an aldol. The aldol dehydrates on heating to yield α, β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone.

To show:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones with α-hydrogen undergo a base catalyzed carbonyl condensation reaction in aldol condensation. In this reaction two molecules of the reactant combine by forming a bond between α-carbon of one molecule and the carbonyl carbon within the same molecule or of the second molecule to give an aldol. The aldol dehydrates on heating to yield α, β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone.

To show:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones with α-hydrogen undergo a base catalyzed carbonyl condensation reaction in aldol condensation. In this reaction two molecules of the reactant combine by forming a bond between α-carbon of one molecule and the carbonyl carbon within the same molecule or of the second molecule to give an aldol. The aldol dehydrates on heating to yield α, β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone.

To show:

The structure of the aldehyde that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Mixed aldol condensation leads to a single product if i)one of the carbonyl partners contains no α hydrogen atoms but contains an unhindered carbonyl group and ii) if one of the carbonyl partners are much more acidic than the other and thus forms an enolate anion in preference to other.

To show:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

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Suppose the rate of evaporation in a hot, dry region is 1.76 meters per year, and the seawater there has a salinity of 35 ‰. Assuming a 93% yield, how much salt (NaCl) can be harvested each year from 1 km2 of solar evaporation ponds that use this seawater as a source?

help

Explain why only the lone pairs on the central atom are taken into consideration when predicting molecular shape

Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 23.SE, Problem 49AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones with α-hydrogen undergo a base catalyzed carbonyl condensation reaction in aldol condensation. In this reaction two molecules of the reactant combine by forming a bond between α-carbon of one molecule and the carbonyl carbon within the same molecule or of the second molecule to give an aldol. The aldol dehydrates on heating to yield α, β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone.

To show:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones with α-hydrogen undergo a base catalyzed carbonyl condensation reaction in aldol condensation. In this reaction two molecules of the reactant combine by forming a bond between α-carbon of one molecule and the carbonyl carbon within the same molecule or of the second molecule to give an aldol. The aldol dehydrates on heating to yield α, β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone.

To show:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones with α-hydrogen undergo a base catalyzed carbonyl condensation reaction in aldol condensation. In this reaction two molecules of the reactant combine by forming a bond between α-carbon of one molecule and the carbonyl carbon within the same molecule or of the second molecule to give an aldol. The aldol dehydrates on heating to yield α, β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone.

To show:

The structure of the aldehyde that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Mixed aldol condensation leads to a single product if i)one of the carbonyl partners contains no α hydrogen atoms but contains an unhindered carbonyl group and ii) if one of the carbonyl partners are much more acidic than the other and thus forms an enolate anion in preference to other.

To show:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 23.SE, Problem 49AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones with α-hydrogen undergo a base catalyzed carbonyl condensation reaction in aldol condensation. In this reaction two molecules of the reactant combine by forming a bond between α-carbon of one molecule and the carbonyl carbon within the same molecule or of the second molecule to give an aldol. The aldol dehydrates on heating to yield α, β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone.

To show:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones with α-hydrogen undergo a base catalyzed carbonyl condensation reaction in aldol condensation. In this reaction two molecules of the reactant combine by forming a bond between α-carbon of one molecule and the carbonyl carbon within the same molecule or of the second molecule to give an aldol. The aldol dehydrates on heating to yield α, β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone.

To show:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones with α-hydrogen undergo a base catalyzed carbonyl condensation reaction in aldol condensation. In this reaction two molecules of the reactant combine by forming a bond between α-carbon of one molecule and the carbonyl carbon within the same molecule or of the second molecule to give an aldol. The aldol dehydrates on heating to yield α, β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone.

To show:

The structure of the aldehyde that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Mixed aldol condensation leads to a single product if i)one of the carbonyl partners contains no α hydrogen atoms but contains an unhindered carbonyl group and ii) if one of the carbonyl partners are much more acidic than the other and thus forms an enolate anion in preference to other.

To show:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 23.SE, Problem 49AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones with α-hydrogen undergo a base catalyzed carbonyl condensation reaction in aldol condensation. In this reaction two molecules of the reactant combine by forming a bond between α-carbon of one molecule and the carbonyl carbon within the same molecule or of the second molecule to give an aldol. The aldol dehydrates on heating to yield α, β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone.

To show:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones with α-hydrogen undergo a base catalyzed carbonyl condensation reaction in aldol condensation. In this reaction two molecules of the reactant combine by forming a bond between α-carbon of one molecule and the carbonyl carbon within the same molecule or of the second molecule to give an aldol. The aldol dehydrates on heating to yield α, β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone.

To show:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones with α-hydrogen undergo a base catalyzed carbonyl condensation reaction in aldol condensation. In this reaction two molecules of the reactant combine by forming a bond between α-carbon of one molecule and the carbonyl carbon within the same molecule or of the second molecule to give an aldol. The aldol dehydrates on heating to yield α, β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone.

To show:

The structure of the aldehyde that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Mixed aldol condensation leads to a single product if i)one of the carbonyl partners contains no α hydrogen atoms but contains an unhindered carbonyl group and ii) if one of the carbonyl partners are much more acidic than the other and thus forms an enolate anion in preference to other.

To show:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 5

Chapter 23.SE, Problem 49AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones with α-hydrogen undergo a base catalyzed carbonyl condensation reaction in aldol condensation. In this reaction two molecules of the reactant combine by forming a bond between α-carbon of one molecule and the carbonyl carbon within the same molecule or of the second molecule to give an aldol. The aldol dehydrates on heating to yield α, β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone.

To show:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones with α-hydrogen undergo a base catalyzed carbonyl condensation reaction in aldol condensation. In this reaction two molecules of the reactant combine by forming a bond between α-carbon of one molecule and the carbonyl carbon within the same molecule or of the second molecule to give an aldol. The aldol dehydrates on heating to yield α, β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone.

To show:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones with α-hydrogen undergo a base catalyzed carbonyl condensation reaction in aldol condensation. In this reaction two molecules of the reactant combine by forming a bond between α-carbon of one molecule and the carbonyl carbon within the same molecule or of the second molecule to give an aldol. The aldol dehydrates on heating to yield α, β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone.

To show:

The structure of the aldehyde that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Mixed aldol condensation leads to a single product if i)one of the carbonyl partners contains no α hydrogen atoms but contains an unhindered carbonyl group and ii) if one of the carbonyl partners are much more acidic than the other and thus forms an enolate anion in preference to other.

To show:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Answer 6

Chapter 23.SE, Problem 49AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones with α-hydrogen undergo a base catalyzed carbonyl condensation reaction in aldol condensation. In this reaction two molecules of the reactant combine by forming a bond between α-carbon of one molecule and the carbonyl carbon within the same molecule or of the second molecule to give an aldol. The aldol dehydrates on heating to yield α, β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone.

To show:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Answer 7

Chapter 23.SE, Problem 49AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones with α-hydrogen undergo a base catalyzed carbonyl condensation reaction in aldol condensation. In this reaction two molecules of the reactant combine by forming a bond between α-carbon of one molecule and the carbonyl carbon within the same molecule or of the second molecule to give an aldol. The aldol dehydrates on heating to yield α, β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone.

To show:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones with α-hydrogen undergo a base catalyzed carbonyl condensation reaction in aldol condensation. In this reaction two molecules of the reactant combine by forming a bond between α-carbon of one molecule and the carbonyl carbon within the same molecule or of the second molecule to give an aldol. The aldol dehydrates on heating to yield α, β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone.

To show:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones with α-hydrogen undergo a base catalyzed carbonyl condensation reaction in aldol condensation. In this reaction two molecules of the reactant combine by forming a bond between α-carbon of one molecule and the carbonyl carbon within the same molecule or of the second molecule to give an aldol. The aldol dehydrates on heating to yield α, β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone.

To show:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones with α-hydrogen undergo a base catalyzed carbonyl condensation reaction in aldol condensation. In this reaction two molecules of the reactant combine by forming a bond between α-carbon of one molecule and the carbonyl carbon within the same molecule or of the second molecule to give an aldol. The aldol dehydrates on heating to yield α, β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone.

To show:

The structure of the aldehyde that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones with α-hydrogen undergo a base catalyzed carbonyl condensation reaction in aldol condensation. In this reaction two molecules of the reactant combine by forming a bond between α-carbon of one molecule and the carbonyl carbon within the same molecule or of the second molecule to give an aldol. The aldol dehydrates on heating to yield α, β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone.

To show:

The structure of the aldehyde that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Mixed aldol condensation leads to a single product if i)one of the carbonyl partners contains no α hydrogen atoms but contains an unhindered carbonyl group and ii) if one of the carbonyl partners are much more acidic than the other and thus forms an enolate anion in preference to other.

To show:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Mixed aldol condensation leads to a single product if i)one of the carbonyl partners contains no α hydrogen atoms but contains an unhindered carbonyl group and ii) if one of the carbonyl partners are much more acidic than the other and thus forms an enolate anion in preference to other.

To show:

The structure of the aldehydes or ketones that should be used as a starting material to synthesize the compound given in an aldol reaction.

Answer 14

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Answer 25

Ch. 23.1 - Prob. 1P Ch. 23.1 - Prob. 2P Ch. 23.3 - Prob. 3P Ch. 23.3 - Prob. 4P Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 5P Ch. 23.4 - 1-Butanol is prepared commercially by a route that...Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 7P Ch. 23.5 - Prob. 8P Ch. 23.6 - Prob. 9P Ch. 23.6 - What product would you Expect to obtain from base...

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