CAMPBELL BIOLOGY-W/MOD.MASTERBIOLOGY
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134683461
Author: Urry
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 23.1, Problem 2CC
Ot all the mutations that occur in a population, why do only a small fraction become widespread?
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. In a population of 50,000 diploid individuals, what isthe probability that a new neutral mutation will ultimately reach fixation? What is the probability that itwill ultimately be lost from the population?
Consider the following estimates:(a) There are 7 x 109 humans living on this planet.(b) Each individual has about 20,000 (0.2 * 105) genes.(c) The average mutation rate at each locus is 10-5.How many spontaneous mutations are currently present inthe human population? Assuming that these mutations areequally distributed among all genes, how many new mutationshave arisen in each gene in the human population?
In most cases, the rate of synonymous substitution for a gene is higherthan the rate of nonsynonymous substitution. Sometimes, however, therate of nonsynonymous substitution is higher. When would you expectto see this? What might bring it about?
Chapter 23 Solutions
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY-W/MOD.MASTERBIOLOGY
Ch. 23.1 - Explain why genetic Variation within a population...Ch. 23.1 - Ot all the mutations that occur in a population,...Ch. 23.1 - MAKE CONNECTIONS If a population stopped...Ch. 23.2 - A population has 700 individuals, 85 of genotype...Ch. 23.2 - The frequency of allele a is 0.45 for a population...Ch. 23.2 - WHAT IF? A locus that affects susceptibility to a...Ch. 23.3 - In what sense is natural selection more...Ch. 23.3 - Distinguish genetic draft from gene flow in terms...Ch. 23.3 - WH AT IF? Suppose two plant populations exchange...Ch. 23.4 - What is the relative fitness of a sterile mule?...
Ch. 23.4 - Explain why natural selection is the only...Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 23 - Typically. most of the nucleotide variabillity...Ch. 23 - Is it circular reasoning to calculate p ond q from...Ch. 23 - Would two small, geographically isolated...Ch. 23 - How might secondary sex characteristics in males...Ch. 23 - Natural selection changes allele frequencies...Ch. 23 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 23 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 23 - There are 25 individuals in population 1, all with...Ch. 23 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 23 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION Using at least two examples,...Ch. 23 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY INTERPRET THE DATA Researchers...Ch. 23 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 23 - SYNTHESI2E YOUR KNOWLEDGE This kettle lake forracd...
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- What are the factors that influence the mutation rates of human genes?arrow_forward(a) Mutations have many different causes and effects. Outline how mutations can affect the gene pool of a population. (b) Draw a table that identifies THREI types of mutagens, describes how each mutagen causes mutation and describes the effects of each mutagen.arrow_forwardExplain the step of mutational breeding?arrow_forward
- The use of nucleotide sequence data to measure genetic variabilityis complicated by the fact that the genes of many eukaryotesare complex in organization and contain 5' and 3' flankingregions as well as introns. Researchers have compared thenucleotide sequence of two cloned alleles of the y-globin gene from asingle individual and found a variation of 1 percent. Those differencesinclude 13 substitutions of one nucleotide for anotherand three short DNA segments that have been inserted in oneallele or deleted in the other. None of the changes takes placein the gene’s exons (coding regions). Why do you think this isso, and should it change our concept of genetic variation?arrow_forwardHow does a gene drive spread through a population?arrow_forward(1) A very large population of birds is living on an island in the Pacific ocean. (2) There are no birds from the same species coming into the island or leaving the island. (3) Each member of the population survives and reproduces at the same rate. (4) When birds are choosing their mates, they choose based on how colorful their feathers are. (5) There are no new mutations arising in the population. Is it likely that this population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? If not, select the sentence that led you to conclude this. If yes, indicate that below. O Yes, this population is in H-W equilibrium. O Sentence 3 O Sentence 4 Sentence 2 O Sentence 1 O Sentence 5arrow_forward
- Achondroplasia is a rare form of dwarfism. It is caused by anautosomal dominant mutation within a single gene. Among1,422,000 live births, the number of babies born with achondroplasiawas 31. Among those 31 babies, 18 of them had one parentwith achondroplasia. The remaining babies had twounaffected parents. What is the mutation frequency for this disorderamong these 1,422,000 babies? What is the mutation rate forachondroplasia?arrow_forwardImagine that you caught a female albino mouse inyour kitchen and decided to keep it for a pet. A fewmonths later, while vacationing in Guam, you caughta male albino mouse and decided to take it home forsome interesting genetic experiments. You wonderwhether the two mice are both albino due to mutations in the same gene. What could you do to find outthe answer to this question? Assume that both mutations are recessive.arrow_forwardResearchers have identified a gene in humans that (when mutant)causes severe dwarfism and mental impairment. This disorder isinherited in an autosomal recessive manner, and the mutant alleleis known to be a loss-of-function mutation. The same gene hasbeen found in mice, although a mutant version of the gene has notbeen discovered in mice. To develop drugs and an effective therapyto treat this disorder in humans, it would be experimentallyuseful to have a mouse model. In other words, it would be desirableto develop a strain of mice that carry the mutant allele in thehomozygous condition. Experimentally, how would you developsuch a strain?arrow_forward
- Over a period of several years, a large hospital kepttrack of the number of births of babies displaying thetrait achondroplasia. Achondroplasia is a very rareautosomal dominant condition resulting in dwarfismwith abnormal body proportions. After 120,000births, it was noted that 27 babies had been born withachondroplasia. One physician was interested in determining how many of these dwarf babies resultedfrom new mutations and whether the apparent mutation rate in this geographical area was higher thannormal. He looked up the families of the 27 dwarfbirths and discovered that four of the dwarf babieshad a dwarf parent. What is the apparent mutationrate of the achondroplasia gene in this population? Isit unusually high or low?arrow_forwardWhen an Avidian (with a genome size of 50 sites) reproduces with a 10% per site mutation rate, and if the number of mutations per genome is Poisson distributed, then what is the most likely outcome? Possible answers: 4 per genome is most likely, 5 per genome is most likely, 4 mutations per genome and 5 mutations per genome are equally likely, A number other than 4 and/or 5 mutations per genome is most likelyarrow_forwardA rare dominant mutation expressed at birth was studiedin humans. Records showed that six cases were discoveredin 40,000 live births. Family histories revealed that in twocases, the mutation was already present in one of the parents.Calculate the spontaneous mutation rate for this mutation.What are some underlying assumptions that may affect ourconclusions?arrow_forward
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Mitochondrial mutations; Author: Useful Genetics;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvgXe-3RJeU;License: CC-BY