(a) Interpretation: The reason for –NHCOR group of amide being activating group is to be explained. Concept introduction: An activating group is the group, which activates the benzene ring toward electrophilic aromatic substitution. In general, ortho/para directors increase the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution and are called activating groups. A substituent attached to a phenyl ring by an atom possessing a lone pair of electrons tends to be an ortho/para director. Activating groups stabilize the arenium ion intermediate by participation of lone pair on the atom of substituent in resonance.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.42P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The reason for –NHCOR group of amide being activating group is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

An activating group is the group, which activates the benzene ring toward electrophilic

aromatic substitution. In general, ortho/para directors increase the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution and are called activating groups. A substituent attached to a phenyl ring by an atom possessing a lone pair of electrons tends to be an ortho/para director. Activating groups stabilize the arenium ion intermediate by participation of lone pair on the atom of substituent in resonance.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

It is to be explained why the –NHCOR group of an amide is an activating group, but it is not as strongly activating as NH2.

Concept introduction:

An activating group is the group, which activates the benzene ring toward electrophilic

aromatic substitution. In general, ortho/para directors increase the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution and are called activating groups. A substituent attached to a phenyl ring by an atom possessing a lone pair of electrons tends to be an ortho/para director. Activating groups stabilize the arenium ion intermediate by participation of lone pair on the atom of substituent in resonance.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.42P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The reason for –NHCOR group of amide being activating group is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

An activating group is the group, which activates the benzene ring toward electrophilic

aromatic substitution. In general, ortho/para directors increase the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution and are called activating groups. A substituent attached to a phenyl ring by an atom possessing a lone pair of electrons tends to be an ortho/para director. Activating groups stabilize the arenium ion intermediate by participation of lone pair on the atom of substituent in resonance.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

It is to be explained why the –NHCOR group of an amide is an activating group, but it is not as strongly activating as NH2.

Concept introduction:

An activating group is the group, which activates the benzene ring toward electrophilic

aromatic substitution. In general, ortho/para directors increase the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution and are called activating groups. A substituent attached to a phenyl ring by an atom possessing a lone pair of electrons tends to be an ortho/para director. Activating groups stabilize the arenium ion intermediate by participation of lone pair on the atom of substituent in resonance.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.42P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The reason for –NHCOR group of amide being activating group is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

An activating group is the group, which activates the benzene ring toward electrophilic

aromatic substitution. In general, ortho/para directors increase the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution and are called activating groups. A substituent attached to a phenyl ring by an atom possessing a lone pair of electrons tends to be an ortho/para director. Activating groups stabilize the arenium ion intermediate by participation of lone pair on the atom of substituent in resonance.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

It is to be explained why the –NHCOR group of an amide is an activating group, but it is not as strongly activating as NH2.

Concept introduction:

An activating group is the group, which activates the benzene ring toward electrophilic

aromatic substitution. In general, ortho/para directors increase the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution and are called activating groups. A substituent attached to a phenyl ring by an atom possessing a lone pair of electrons tends to be an ortho/para director. Activating groups stabilize the arenium ion intermediate by participation of lone pair on the atom of substituent in resonance.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.42P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The reason for –NHCOR group of amide being activating group is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

An activating group is the group, which activates the benzene ring toward electrophilic

aromatic substitution. In general, ortho/para directors increase the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution and are called activating groups. A substituent attached to a phenyl ring by an atom possessing a lone pair of electrons tends to be an ortho/para director. Activating groups stabilize the arenium ion intermediate by participation of lone pair on the atom of substituent in resonance.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

It is to be explained why the –NHCOR group of an amide is an activating group, but it is not as strongly activating as NH2.

Concept introduction:

An activating group is the group, which activates the benzene ring toward electrophilic

aromatic substitution. In general, ortho/para directors increase the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution and are called activating groups. A substituent attached to a phenyl ring by an atom possessing a lone pair of electrons tends to be an ortho/para director. Activating groups stabilize the arenium ion intermediate by participation of lone pair on the atom of substituent in resonance.

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Answer 5

Chapter 23, Problem 23.42P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The reason for –NHCOR group of amide being activating group is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

An activating group is the group, which activates the benzene ring toward electrophilic

aromatic substitution. In general, ortho/para directors increase the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution and are called activating groups. A substituent attached to a phenyl ring by an atom possessing a lone pair of electrons tends to be an ortho/para director. Activating groups stabilize the arenium ion intermediate by participation of lone pair on the atom of substituent in resonance.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

It is to be explained why the –NHCOR group of an amide is an activating group, but it is not as strongly activating as NH2.

Concept introduction:

An activating group is the group, which activates the benzene ring toward electrophilic

aromatic substitution. In general, ortho/para directors increase the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution and are called activating groups. A substituent attached to a phenyl ring by an atom possessing a lone pair of electrons tends to be an ortho/para director. Activating groups stabilize the arenium ion intermediate by participation of lone pair on the atom of substituent in resonance.

Answer 6

Chapter 23, Problem 23.42P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The reason for –NHCOR group of amide being activating group is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

An activating group is the group, which activates the benzene ring toward electrophilic

aromatic substitution. In general, ortho/para directors increase the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution and are called activating groups. A substituent attached to a phenyl ring by an atom possessing a lone pair of electrons tends to be an ortho/para director. Activating groups stabilize the arenium ion intermediate by participation of lone pair on the atom of substituent in resonance.

Answer 7

Chapter 23, Problem 23.42P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The reason for –NHCOR group of amide being activating group is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

An activating group is the group, which activates the benzene ring toward electrophilic

aromatic substitution. In general, ortho/para directors increase the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution and are called activating groups. A substituent attached to a phenyl ring by an atom possessing a lone pair of electrons tends to be an ortho/para director. Activating groups stabilize the arenium ion intermediate by participation of lone pair on the atom of substituent in resonance.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

It is to be explained why the –NHCOR group of an amide is an activating group, but it is not as strongly activating as NH2.

Concept introduction:

An activating group is the group, which activates the benzene ring toward electrophilic

aromatic substitution. In general, ortho/para directors increase the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution and are called activating groups. A substituent attached to a phenyl ring by an atom possessing a lone pair of electrons tends to be an ortho/para director. Activating groups stabilize the arenium ion intermediate by participation of lone pair on the atom of substituent in resonance.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

It is to be explained why the –NHCOR group of an amide is an activating group, but it is not as strongly activating as NH2.

Concept introduction:

An activating group is the group, which activates the benzene ring toward electrophilic

aromatic substitution. In general, ortho/para directors increase the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution and are called activating groups. A substituent attached to a phenyl ring by an atom possessing a lone pair of electrons tends to be an ortho/para director. Activating groups stabilize the arenium ion intermediate by participation of lone pair on the atom of substituent in resonance.

Answer 10

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Answer 12

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Answer 13

Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.1P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.2P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.3P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.4P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.5P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.6P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.7P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.8P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.9P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.10P

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Chapter 23 Solutions