
Concept explainers
To review:
The relationship between the number of synonymous substitutions and the years of divergence between each pair of species, with the help of a graph. Also, estimate the rates of synonymous substitutions per million years and per generation for the complete axon on a per-site basis.
Given:
In the given study, a hypothetical gene encodes for the transcription factor in various species of Drosophila. According to the diagram (Figure 1) given below, one exon of this gene is sequenced in four species.
Figure 1: Million of years ago.
The matrix shows the number of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions between pairs of different Drosophila species, which evolved as a result of evolution. There are 2,000 nonsynonymous and 600 synonymous substitutions sites of the exon (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Matrix showing the number of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions between pairs of species of Drosophila.
Introduction:
Biologists are able to make inference about the type of natural selection, by the study based on molecular evolutionary patterns of genes. These inferences are important to know, about the gene functioning and how they evolve over the time, in response to the new function and conditions.

Explanation of Solution
According to the given analysis, there are, on an average, 54 synonymous substitutions occurs between the lineages. These lineages were diverged 18 million years ago. So, there are about 1.5 synonymous substitutions per million year for the entire exon.
Therefore, the information used for calculation of the rate is:
Time period: 18 million years ago
Substitution per million years: 1.5
Lineages: 2
Generation per year: 5
Synonymous sites: 600
Thus, for rate of substitution per generation is:
90,000,000 years
Similarly, the rate of substitution per site is:
(90,000,000 years
Graph given below shows number of substitution along with millions of years.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the rates are 3
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 23 Solutions
EBK LIFE: THE SCIENCE OF BIOLOGY
- What happens to a microbes membrane at colder temperature?arrow_forwardGenes at loci f, m, and w are linked, but their order is unknown. The F1 heterozygotes from a cross of FFMMWW x ffmmww are test crossed. The most frequent phenotypes in the test cross progeny will be FMW and fmw regardless of what the gene order turns out to be. What classes of testcross progeny (phenotypes) would be least frequent if locus m is in the middle? What classes would be least frequent if locus f is in the middle? What classes would be least frequent if locus w is in the middle?arrow_forward1. In the following illustration of a phospholipid... (Chemistry Primer and Video 2-2, 2-3 and 2-5) a. Label which chains contain saturated fatty acids and non-saturated fatty acids. b. Label all the areas where the following bonds could form with other molecules which are not shown. i. Hydrogen bonds ii. Ionic Bonds iii. Hydrophobic Interactions 12-6 HICIH HICIH HICHH HICHH HICIH OHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH C-C-C-C-C-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-C-C-H HH H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H HO H-C-O H-C-O- O O-P-O-C-H H T HICIH HICIH HICIH HICIH HHHHHHH HICIH HICIH HICIH 0=C HIC -C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-CC-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-H HHHHHHHHH IIIIIIII HHHHHHHH (e-osbiv)arrow_forward
- O Macmillan Learning Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly The pKa values for the peptide's side chains, terminal amino groups, and carboxyl groups are provided in the table. Amino acid Amino pKa Carboxyl pKa Side-chain pKa glutamate 9.60 2.34 histidine 9.17 1.82 4.25 6.00 tryptophan 9.39 2.38 serine 9.15 2.21 glycine 9.60 2.34 leucine 9.60 2.36 arginine 9.04 2.17 12.48 proline 10.96 1.99 Calculate the net charge of the molecule at pH 3. net charge at pH 3: Calculate the net charge of the molecule at pH 8. net charge at pH 8: Calculate the net charge of the molecule at pH 11. net charge at pH 11: Estimate the isoelectric point (pl) for this peptide. pl:arrow_forwardBiology Questionarrow_forwardThis entire structure (Pinus pollen cone) using lifecycle terminology is called what?arrow_forward
- This entire structure using lifecycle terminology is called what? megastrobilus microstrobilus megasporophyll microsporophyll microsporangium megasporangium none of thesearrow_forwardHow much protein should Sarah add to her diet if she gets pregnant? Sarah's protein requirements during pregnancy would be higher. See Hint B2. During calculations, use numbers rounded to the first decimal place. In your answer, round the number of grams to the nearest whole number. _______ g ?arrow_forwardC MasteringHealth MasteringNu X session.healthandnutrition-mastering.pearson.com/myct/itemView?assignment ProblemID=17396422&attemptNo=1&offset=prevarrow_forwardarrow_back_iosSEE MORE QUESTIONSarrow_forward_ios
- Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage LearningHuman Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305112100Author:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage LearningHuman Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781337392938Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. BergPublisher:Cengage LearningBiology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap...BiologyISBN:9781337408332Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa StarrPublisher:Cengage LearningBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax





