For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide Concept Introduction : Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps. Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation) Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide. Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S N 2 nucleophilic substitution The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S N 2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion. Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative. Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 22.7, Problem 17PTS

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

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There are 48 pairs of students in the following table. Each pair has quantitatively determined the mass of taurine in a 250 mL can of the popular energy drink marketed as “Munster” using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The class results are presented below: QUESTION: Summarise and report these results including an indication of measurement uncertainty. In both calculation samples calculate if an outlier is present, max value, number of samples, mean, standard deviation, g (suspect), g (critical) and t (critical). Mass of Taurine (mg) Mass of Taurine (mg) (Table continued) 152.01 152.23 151.87 151.45 154.11 152.64 152.98 153.24 152.88 151.45 153.49 152.48 150.68 152.33 151.52 153.63 152.48 151.68 153.17 153.40 153.77 153.67 152.34 153.16 152.57 153.02 152.86 151.50 151.23 152.57 152.72 151.54 146.47 152.38 152.44 152.54 152.53 152.54 151.32…

Indicate the rate expressions for reactions that have order 0, 1, and 2.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 22.7, Problem 17PTS

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 22.7, Problem 17PTS

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 22.7, Problem 17PTS

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

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Answer 5

Chapter 22.7, Problem 17PTS

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

Answer 6

Chapter 22.7, Problem 17PTS

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

Answer 7

Chapter 22.7, Problem 17PTS

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

Answer 14

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

Answer 15

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

Answer 16

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

Answer 17

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For a given compound set of compounds, the given amines are to be prepared via Gabriel synthesis, reductive amination starting from potassium phthalimide

Concept Introduction: Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing amines. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Sodium cyanoborohydride is a strong reducing agent than sodium borohydride. It reduces the carbonyl group into amine group in a rapid way. So, it is called as reductive amination reactions. Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with ammonia in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce primary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with primary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce secondary amines.

Aldehyde or ketone group is reacted with secondary amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent and a proton source in the reaction medium to produce tertiary amines.

Answer 18

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 19

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 20

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Answer 21

Ch. 22.2 - Prob. 1LTS Ch. 22.2 - Prob. 1PTS Ch. 22.2 - Prob. 2PTS Ch. 22.2 - Prob. 3ATS Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 4CC Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 5CC Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 6CC Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 7CC Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 8CC Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 9CC

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Chapter 22 Solutions