Match the given columns. Concept introduction: The process of fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytosol of the animal cells, while it occurs in the stroma of chloroplast in the plant cells. It is a stepwise process, which occurs by the addition of two carbon units. These carbon units are provided by the acetyl-CoA, derived from glucose oxidation.

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Answer 1

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C = O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in ketones is placed somewhere in the middle of the molecular structure, which means, the C=O is attached to two alkyl groups or benzene rings. Just like all other homologous series, the naming of ketones is done using a common suffix “-one”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O. Functional group of a ketone

Chapter 22, Problem 1P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Match the given columns.

Concept introduction:

The process of fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytosol of the animal cells, while it occurs in the stroma of chloroplast in the plant cells. It is a stepwise process, which occurs by the addition of two carbon units. These carbon units are provided by the acetyl-CoA, derived from glucose oxidation.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1P

The columns are matched as given below:

a. Triacylglycerol	5. Storage form of fats
b. Perilipin	11. Lipid-droplet-associated protein
c. Adipose triglyceride lipase	1. The enzyme that initiates lipid degradation
d. Glucagon	10. Stimulates lipolysis
e. Acyl CoA synthetase	2. Activates fatty acids for degradation
f. Carnitine	6. Required for entry into mitochondria.
g. Beta-oxidation pathway	9. Means by which fatty acids are degraded
h. Enoyl CoA isomerase	3. Converts cis-Δ3 double bond into trans-Δ2 double bond
i. 2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase	4. Reduces 2,4-dienoyl intermediate to trans-Δ3-enoyl CoA
j. Methylmalonyl CoA reductase	7. Requires vitamin B₁₂.
k. Ketone body	8. Acetoacetate.

Explanation of Solution

Triacylglycerols are found in almost all body cells, especially in the liver and the intestine cells. It acts as an important fat and energy reserve in the body.
Perilipin is also termed perilipin 1, PLIN, and lipid-droplet associated protein. It is encoded by PLIN gene, and they are associated with the lipid droplets at their surface.
Adipose triglyceride lipase is an enzyme, which has triglyceride-specific lipase activity. The function of this enzyme is to initiate the lipid degradation process.
Glucagon is a hormone which is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas. It functions opposite to insulin and helps in maintaining the blood glucose level. It also influences the conversion of triacylglycerols into free fatty acids and glycerol that is it stimulates lipolysis.
AcylCoAsynthetase enzyme is used during the fatty acid activation. This enzyme requires ATP hydrolysis as energy to activate fatty acid and convert it into acyl-CoA.
Carnitine is a carrier protein which is used to transport fatty acid from inner mitochondrial membrane to mitochondrial matrix.
Beta-oxidation pathway is the process by which fatty acids are degraded. It is sequential process in which the two carbon units are removed from the carboxyl end.
Enoyl CoA isomerase isomerases cis beta, gamma double bond to trans alpha, beta double bond.
2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase functions to reduce 2,4-dienoyl to trans-3-enoyl-CoA during the beta oxidation process.
Methylmalonyl CoA reductase is required during the beta oxidation pathway and requires vitamin B12 as the cofactor.
Ketone body in the fatty acid degradation is acetoacetate.

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a) What are the differences between the Direct & Indirect Immunofluorescence Assays? (0.5 mark) b) What are the advantages of the Indirect Immunofluorescence Assays? (0.5 mark) c) A Super-Resolution Imaging Technique was developed in 2018 using imidazole, a His-tag ligand conjugated with a fluorophore to report the presence of a recombinant His-tag protein target, (Sci Rep, 2018, 8:5507). How does this technique improve the image quality? (2 marks)

a) What are the differences between the Direct & Indirect Immunofluorescence Assays? b) What are the advantages of the Indirect Immunofluorescence Assays? c) A Super-Resolution Imaging Technique was developed in 2018 using imidazole, a His-tag ligand conjugated with a fluorophore to report the presence of a recombinant His-tag protein target, (Sci Rep, 2018, 8:5507). How does this technique improve the image quality?

Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C = O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in ketones is placed somewhere in the middle of the molecular structure, which means, the C=O is attached to two alkyl groups or benzene rings. Just like all other homologous series, the naming of ketones is done using a common suffix “-one”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O. Functional group of a ketone

Chapter 22, Problem 1P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Match the given columns.

Concept introduction:

The process of fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytosol of the animal cells, while it occurs in the stroma of chloroplast in the plant cells. It is a stepwise process, which occurs by the addition of two carbon units. These carbon units are provided by the acetyl-CoA, derived from glucose oxidation.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1P

The columns are matched as given below:

a. Triacylglycerol	5. Storage form of fats
b. Perilipin	11. Lipid-droplet-associated protein
c. Adipose triglyceride lipase	1. The enzyme that initiates lipid degradation
d. Glucagon	10. Stimulates lipolysis
e. Acyl CoA synthetase	2. Activates fatty acids for degradation
f. Carnitine	6. Required for entry into mitochondria.
g. Beta-oxidation pathway	9. Means by which fatty acids are degraded
h. Enoyl CoA isomerase	3. Converts cis-Δ3 double bond into trans-Δ2 double bond
i. 2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase	4. Reduces 2,4-dienoyl intermediate to trans-Δ3-enoyl CoA
j. Methylmalonyl CoA reductase	7. Requires vitamin B₁₂.
k. Ketone body	8. Acetoacetate.

Explanation of Solution

Triacylglycerols are found in almost all body cells, especially in the liver and the intestine cells. It acts as an important fat and energy reserve in the body.
Perilipin is also termed perilipin 1, PLIN, and lipid-droplet associated protein. It is encoded by PLIN gene, and they are associated with the lipid droplets at their surface.
Adipose triglyceride lipase is an enzyme, which has triglyceride-specific lipase activity. The function of this enzyme is to initiate the lipid degradation process.
Glucagon is a hormone which is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas. It functions opposite to insulin and helps in maintaining the blood glucose level. It also influences the conversion of triacylglycerols into free fatty acids and glycerol that is it stimulates lipolysis.
AcylCoAsynthetase enzyme is used during the fatty acid activation. This enzyme requires ATP hydrolysis as energy to activate fatty acid and convert it into acyl-CoA.
Carnitine is a carrier protein which is used to transport fatty acid from inner mitochondrial membrane to mitochondrial matrix.
Beta-oxidation pathway is the process by which fatty acids are degraded. It is sequential process in which the two carbon units are removed from the carboxyl end.
Enoyl CoA isomerase isomerases cis beta, gamma double bond to trans alpha, beta double bond.
2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase functions to reduce 2,4-dienoyl to trans-3-enoyl-CoA during the beta oxidation process.
Methylmalonyl CoA reductase is required during the beta oxidation pathway and requires vitamin B12 as the cofactor.
Ketone body in the fatty acid degradation is acetoacetate.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C = O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in ketones is placed somewhere in the middle of the molecular structure, which means, the C=O is attached to two alkyl groups or benzene rings. Just like all other homologous series, the naming of ketones is done using a common suffix “-one”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O. Functional group of a ketone

Chapter 22, Problem 1P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Match the given columns.

Concept introduction:

The process of fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytosol of the animal cells, while it occurs in the stroma of chloroplast in the plant cells. It is a stepwise process, which occurs by the addition of two carbon units. These carbon units are provided by the acetyl-CoA, derived from glucose oxidation.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1P

The columns are matched as given below:

a. Triacylglycerol	5. Storage form of fats
b. Perilipin	11. Lipid-droplet-associated protein
c. Adipose triglyceride lipase	1. The enzyme that initiates lipid degradation
d. Glucagon	10. Stimulates lipolysis
e. Acyl CoA synthetase	2. Activates fatty acids for degradation
f. Carnitine	6. Required for entry into mitochondria.
g. Beta-oxidation pathway	9. Means by which fatty acids are degraded
h. Enoyl CoA isomerase	3. Converts cis-Δ3 double bond into trans-Δ2 double bond
i. 2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase	4. Reduces 2,4-dienoyl intermediate to trans-Δ3-enoyl CoA
j. Methylmalonyl CoA reductase	7. Requires vitamin B₁₂.
k. Ketone body	8. Acetoacetate.

Explanation of Solution

Triacylglycerols are found in almost all body cells, especially in the liver and the intestine cells. It acts as an important fat and energy reserve in the body.
Perilipin is also termed perilipin 1, PLIN, and lipid-droplet associated protein. It is encoded by PLIN gene, and they are associated with the lipid droplets at their surface.
Adipose triglyceride lipase is an enzyme, which has triglyceride-specific lipase activity. The function of this enzyme is to initiate the lipid degradation process.
Glucagon is a hormone which is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas. It functions opposite to insulin and helps in maintaining the blood glucose level. It also influences the conversion of triacylglycerols into free fatty acids and glycerol that is it stimulates lipolysis.
AcylCoAsynthetase enzyme is used during the fatty acid activation. This enzyme requires ATP hydrolysis as energy to activate fatty acid and convert it into acyl-CoA.
Carnitine is a carrier protein which is used to transport fatty acid from inner mitochondrial membrane to mitochondrial matrix.
Beta-oxidation pathway is the process by which fatty acids are degraded. It is sequential process in which the two carbon units are removed from the carboxyl end.
Enoyl CoA isomerase isomerases cis beta, gamma double bond to trans alpha, beta double bond.
2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase functions to reduce 2,4-dienoyl to trans-3-enoyl-CoA during the beta oxidation process.
Methylmalonyl CoA reductase is required during the beta oxidation pathway and requires vitamin B12 as the cofactor.
Ketone body in the fatty acid degradation is acetoacetate.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C = O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in ketones is placed somewhere in the middle of the molecular structure, which means, the C=O is attached to two alkyl groups or benzene rings. Just like all other homologous series, the naming of ketones is done using a common suffix “-one”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O. Functional group of a ketone

Chapter 22, Problem 1P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Match the given columns.

Concept introduction:

The process of fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytosol of the animal cells, while it occurs in the stroma of chloroplast in the plant cells. It is a stepwise process, which occurs by the addition of two carbon units. These carbon units are provided by the acetyl-CoA, derived from glucose oxidation.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1P

The columns are matched as given below:

a. Triacylglycerol	5. Storage form of fats
b. Perilipin	11. Lipid-droplet-associated protein
c. Adipose triglyceride lipase	1. The enzyme that initiates lipid degradation
d. Glucagon	10. Stimulates lipolysis
e. Acyl CoA synthetase	2. Activates fatty acids for degradation
f. Carnitine	6. Required for entry into mitochondria.
g. Beta-oxidation pathway	9. Means by which fatty acids are degraded
h. Enoyl CoA isomerase	3. Converts cis-Δ3 double bond into trans-Δ2 double bond
i. 2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase	4. Reduces 2,4-dienoyl intermediate to trans-Δ3-enoyl CoA
j. Methylmalonyl CoA reductase	7. Requires vitamin B₁₂.
k. Ketone body	8. Acetoacetate.

Explanation of Solution

Triacylglycerols are found in almost all body cells, especially in the liver and the intestine cells. It acts as an important fat and energy reserve in the body.
Perilipin is also termed perilipin 1, PLIN, and lipid-droplet associated protein. It is encoded by PLIN gene, and they are associated with the lipid droplets at their surface.
Adipose triglyceride lipase is an enzyme, which has triglyceride-specific lipase activity. The function of this enzyme is to initiate the lipid degradation process.
Glucagon is a hormone which is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas. It functions opposite to insulin and helps in maintaining the blood glucose level. It also influences the conversion of triacylglycerols into free fatty acids and glycerol that is it stimulates lipolysis.
AcylCoAsynthetase enzyme is used during the fatty acid activation. This enzyme requires ATP hydrolysis as energy to activate fatty acid and convert it into acyl-CoA.
Carnitine is a carrier protein which is used to transport fatty acid from inner mitochondrial membrane to mitochondrial matrix.
Beta-oxidation pathway is the process by which fatty acids are degraded. It is sequential process in which the two carbon units are removed from the carboxyl end.
Enoyl CoA isomerase isomerases cis beta, gamma double bond to trans alpha, beta double bond.
2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase functions to reduce 2,4-dienoyl to trans-3-enoyl-CoA during the beta oxidation process.
Methylmalonyl CoA reductase is required during the beta oxidation pathway and requires vitamin B12 as the cofactor.
Ketone body in the fatty acid degradation is acetoacetate.

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Answer 5

Chapter 22, Problem 1P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Match the given columns.

Concept introduction:

The process of fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytosol of the animal cells, while it occurs in the stroma of chloroplast in the plant cells. It is a stepwise process, which occurs by the addition of two carbon units. These carbon units are provided by the acetyl-CoA, derived from glucose oxidation.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1P

The columns are matched as given below:

a. Triacylglycerol	5. Storage form of fats
b. Perilipin	11. Lipid-droplet-associated protein
c. Adipose triglyceride lipase	1. The enzyme that initiates lipid degradation
d. Glucagon	10. Stimulates lipolysis
e. Acyl CoA synthetase	2. Activates fatty acids for degradation
f. Carnitine	6. Required for entry into mitochondria.
g. Beta-oxidation pathway	9. Means by which fatty acids are degraded
h. Enoyl CoA isomerase	3. Converts cis-Δ3 double bond into trans-Δ2 double bond
i. 2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase	4. Reduces 2,4-dienoyl intermediate to trans-Δ3-enoyl CoA
j. Methylmalonyl CoA reductase	7. Requires vitamin B₁₂.
k. Ketone body	8. Acetoacetate.

Explanation of Solution

Triacylglycerols are found in almost all body cells, especially in the liver and the intestine cells. It acts as an important fat and energy reserve in the body.
Perilipin is also termed perilipin 1, PLIN, and lipid-droplet associated protein. It is encoded by PLIN gene, and they are associated with the lipid droplets at their surface.
Adipose triglyceride lipase is an enzyme, which has triglyceride-specific lipase activity. The function of this enzyme is to initiate the lipid degradation process.
Glucagon is a hormone which is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas. It functions opposite to insulin and helps in maintaining the blood glucose level. It also influences the conversion of triacylglycerols into free fatty acids and glycerol that is it stimulates lipolysis.
AcylCoAsynthetase enzyme is used during the fatty acid activation. This enzyme requires ATP hydrolysis as energy to activate fatty acid and convert it into acyl-CoA.
Carnitine is a carrier protein which is used to transport fatty acid from inner mitochondrial membrane to mitochondrial matrix.
Beta-oxidation pathway is the process by which fatty acids are degraded. It is sequential process in which the two carbon units are removed from the carboxyl end.
Enoyl CoA isomerase isomerases cis beta, gamma double bond to trans alpha, beta double bond.
2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase functions to reduce 2,4-dienoyl to trans-3-enoyl-CoA during the beta oxidation process.
Methylmalonyl CoA reductase is required during the beta oxidation pathway and requires vitamin B12 as the cofactor.
Ketone body in the fatty acid degradation is acetoacetate.

Answer 6

Chapter 22, Problem 1P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Match the given columns.

Concept introduction:

The process of fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytosol of the animal cells, while it occurs in the stroma of chloroplast in the plant cells. It is a stepwise process, which occurs by the addition of two carbon units. These carbon units are provided by the acetyl-CoA, derived from glucose oxidation.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1P

The columns are matched as given below:

a. Triacylglycerol	5. Storage form of fats
b. Perilipin	11. Lipid-droplet-associated protein
c. Adipose triglyceride lipase	1. The enzyme that initiates lipid degradation
d. Glucagon	10. Stimulates lipolysis
e. Acyl CoA synthetase	2. Activates fatty acids for degradation
f. Carnitine	6. Required for entry into mitochondria.
g. Beta-oxidation pathway	9. Means by which fatty acids are degraded
h. Enoyl CoA isomerase	3. Converts cis-Δ3 double bond into trans-Δ2 double bond
i. 2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase	4. Reduces 2,4-dienoyl intermediate to trans-Δ3-enoyl CoA
j. Methylmalonyl CoA reductase	7. Requires vitamin B₁₂.
k. Ketone body	8. Acetoacetate.

Explanation of Solution

Triacylglycerols are found in almost all body cells, especially in the liver and the intestine cells. It acts as an important fat and energy reserve in the body.
Perilipin is also termed perilipin 1, PLIN, and lipid-droplet associated protein. It is encoded by PLIN gene, and they are associated with the lipid droplets at their surface.
Adipose triglyceride lipase is an enzyme, which has triglyceride-specific lipase activity. The function of this enzyme is to initiate the lipid degradation process.
Glucagon is a hormone which is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas. It functions opposite to insulin and helps in maintaining the blood glucose level. It also influences the conversion of triacylglycerols into free fatty acids and glycerol that is it stimulates lipolysis.
AcylCoAsynthetase enzyme is used during the fatty acid activation. This enzyme requires ATP hydrolysis as energy to activate fatty acid and convert it into acyl-CoA.
Carnitine is a carrier protein which is used to transport fatty acid from inner mitochondrial membrane to mitochondrial matrix.
Beta-oxidation pathway is the process by which fatty acids are degraded. It is sequential process in which the two carbon units are removed from the carboxyl end.
Enoyl CoA isomerase isomerases cis beta, gamma double bond to trans alpha, beta double bond.
2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase functions to reduce 2,4-dienoyl to trans-3-enoyl-CoA during the beta oxidation process.
Methylmalonyl CoA reductase is required during the beta oxidation pathway and requires vitamin B12 as the cofactor.
Ketone body in the fatty acid degradation is acetoacetate.

Answer 7

Chapter 22, Problem 1P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Match the given columns.

Concept introduction:

The process of fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytosol of the animal cells, while it occurs in the stroma of chloroplast in the plant cells. It is a stepwise process, which occurs by the addition of two carbon units. These carbon units are provided by the acetyl-CoA, derived from glucose oxidation.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1P

The columns are matched as given below:

a. Triacylglycerol	5. Storage form of fats
b. Perilipin	11. Lipid-droplet-associated protein
c. Adipose triglyceride lipase	1. The enzyme that initiates lipid degradation
d. Glucagon	10. Stimulates lipolysis
e. Acyl CoA synthetase	2. Activates fatty acids for degradation
f. Carnitine	6. Required for entry into mitochondria.
g. Beta-oxidation pathway	9. Means by which fatty acids are degraded
h. Enoyl CoA isomerase	3. Converts cis-Δ3 double bond into trans-Δ2 double bond
i. 2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase	4. Reduces 2,4-dienoyl intermediate to trans-Δ3-enoyl CoA
j. Methylmalonyl CoA reductase	7. Requires vitamin B₁₂.
k. Ketone body	8. Acetoacetate.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Explanation of Solution

Triacylglycerols are found in almost all body cells, especially in the liver and the intestine cells. It acts as an important fat and energy reserve in the body.
Perilipin is also termed perilipin 1, PLIN, and lipid-droplet associated protein. It is encoded by PLIN gene, and they are associated with the lipid droplets at their surface.
Adipose triglyceride lipase is an enzyme, which has triglyceride-specific lipase activity. The function of this enzyme is to initiate the lipid degradation process.
Glucagon is a hormone which is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas. It functions opposite to insulin and helps in maintaining the blood glucose level. It also influences the conversion of triacylglycerols into free fatty acids and glycerol that is it stimulates lipolysis.
AcylCoAsynthetase enzyme is used during the fatty acid activation. This enzyme requires ATP hydrolysis as energy to activate fatty acid and convert it into acyl-CoA.
Carnitine is a carrier protein which is used to transport fatty acid from inner mitochondrial membrane to mitochondrial matrix.
Beta-oxidation pathway is the process by which fatty acids are degraded. It is sequential process in which the two carbon units are removed from the carboxyl end.
Enoyl CoA isomerase isomerases cis beta, gamma double bond to trans alpha, beta double bond.
2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase functions to reduce 2,4-dienoyl to trans-3-enoyl-CoA during the beta oxidation process.
Methylmalonyl CoA reductase is required during the beta oxidation pathway and requires vitamin B12 as the cofactor.
Ketone body in the fatty acid degradation is acetoacetate.

Answer 12

Ch. 22 - Prob. 1P Ch. 22 - Prob. 2P Ch. 22 - Prob. 3P Ch. 22 - Prob. 4P Ch. 22 - Prob. 5P Ch. 22 - Prob. 6P Ch. 22 - Prob. 7P Ch. 22 - Prob. 8P Ch. 22 - Prob. 9P Ch. 22 - Prob. 10P

Concept explainers

Answer to Problem 1P

Explanation of Solution

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Chapter 22 Solutions