
Concept explainers
a.
To determine:
Whether the population is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with respect to Q and R genes.
Introduction:
Geoffrey H. Hardy was a scientist who proposed the concept of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. This concept is used to associate the allele frequency with the genotype frequency. The populations that have allele frequency and the genotypic frequency at equilibrium follow the concept of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Explanation of Solution
The given information is as follows:
The frequency of all the genotypes is as follows:
No. | Genotypes | Frequency |
1. | QFQF RCRC | |
2. | QFQG RCRC | |
3. | QGQG RCRC | |
4. | QFQF RCRD | |
5. | QFQG RCRD | |
6. | QGQG RCRD | |
7. | QFQF RDRD | |
8. | QFQG RCRD | |
9. | QGQG RCRD |
The observed genotype frequencies of Q gene are not close to the expected genotype frequencies. This indicates that the population is not at equilibrium for Q gene.
The observed genotype frequencies of R gene are close to the expected genotype frequencies. This reflects that the population is at equilibrium for R gene.
Thus, the population is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with respect to R gene.
b.
To determine:
The fraction of population in the next generation that will be QF QF.
Introduction:
QF and QG are two alleles of gene Q. This gene codes for a particular type of red blood cells. The gene Q plays a crucial role in a particular blood grouping type.

Explanation of Solution
The given information is as follows:
No. | Genotypes | Frequency |
1. | QFQF RCRC | |
2. | QFQF RCRD | |
3. | QFQF RDRD |
Thus, the fraction of population in the next generation that will be QF QF is 0.39.
c.
To determine:
The fraction of population in the next generation that will be RC RC.
Introduction:
RC and RD are two alleles of gene R. This gene also codes for a particular type of red blood cells. However, the blood group typing of R gene is different from the blood group typing of the Q gene.

Explanation of Solution
The given information is as follows:
No. | Genotypes | Frequency |
1. | QFQF RCRC | |
2. | QFQG RCRC | |
3. | QGQG RCRC |
Thus, the fraction of the population in the next generation that will be RC RC is 0.27.
d.
To determine:
The chance that the first child of a QC QG RC RD female and a QF QF RC RD male will be QF QG RD RD male.
Introduction
The process by which a male fertilizes with a female to produce an offspring is termed as reproduction. This is an important process to maintain the population of an organism in the environment. The chances that the offspring would be a male or a female depend upon both the parents.

Explanation of Solution
The parents are homozygous for the R gene. This reflects that:
The overall probability that the child would be QF QG RD RD male can be calculated as:
Thus, the chance that the first child of a QC QG RC RD female and a QF QF RC RD male will be QF QG RD RD male is 1/16.
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Chapter 21 Solutions
EBK GENETICS: FROM GENES TO GENOMES
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