Chapter 21, Problem 53PP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given starting compounds and selective reagents used to accomplish the target products transformation should be draw and identified.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

$S_{N}1$Reaction: The $S_{N}1$ reaction is twostep process, leaving group leaves the molecule is first step and forms the more stable carbocation. Further, nucleophile attacks the carbocation and forms the final product in the second step. The rate of the reaction depends on the stability of the carbocation.

$S_{N}2$Reaction: The $S_{N}2$ reaction is single step process, leaving group leaves the molecule and nucleophiles attack the molecule is single step process which is simultaneous process.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

$\text{LAH}$Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in $\text{LAH}$ and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of $\text{LAH}$, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Oxidation Reaction: The oxidation-reduction reaction is a type of chemical reaction it is involves a transfer of electrons between two species. In other words oxidation reaction number of a molecule atom or ion changes by gaining or losing electrons.

Synthesis of Acid chloride: The different acid chlorides (like ${\text{SOCl}}_{\text{2}}{\text{, POCl}}_{\text{2}}{\text{ and PCl}}_{\text{5}}$ etc.,) react with carboxylic acids (or) alcohols under could conditions to produce acetyl chloride.