The quaternary ammonium salt should be identified. Concept Introduction: Surfactants are surface active agents. They are used to clean household items, clothes and many other things. Surfactants contain a hydrophilic (water loving) part such as acid anions and a hydrophobic (water hating) part like alkyl chains. Surfactants work by breaking the interface between water and oil or grease. The hydrophilic part is surrounded by water molecules while the hydrophobic part is surrounded by oil molecules. Based on the nature of hydrophilic part, surfactants are classified into three parts: Anionic surfactants Cationic surfactants Zwitterionic or amphoteric surfactants Anionic surfactants have negatively charged hydrophilic group. Some anionic surfactants are: Alkyl benzene sulfonates. Alkyl sulfates Alky ether sulfates Soaps Cationic surfactants have positively charged hydrophilic group. Example − quaternary ammonium salts. Correct Answer: Option (iii)

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Chapter 21, Problem 34P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The quaternary ammonium salt should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Surfactants are surface active agents. They are used to clean household items, clothes and many other things.

Surfactants contain a hydrophilic (water loving) part such as acid anions and a hydrophobic (water hating) part like alkyl chains.

Surfactants work by breaking the interface between water and oil or grease. The hydrophilic part is surrounded by water molecules while the hydrophobic part is surrounded by oil molecules.

Based on the nature of hydrophilic part, surfactants are classified into three parts:

Anionic surfactants

Cationic surfactants

Zwitterionic or amphoteric surfactants

Anionic surfactants have negatively charged hydrophilic group. Some anionic surfactants are:

Alkyl benzene sulfonates.

Alkyl sulfates

Alky ether sulfates

Soaps

Cationic surfactants have positively charged hydrophilic group. Example − quaternary ammonium salts.

Correct Answer:

Option (iii)

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I have a question about this problem involving mechanisms and drawing curved arrows for acids and bases. I know we need to identify the nucleophile and electrophile, but are there different types of reactions? For instance, what about Grignard reagents and other types that I might not be familiar with? Can you help me with this? I want to identify the names of the mechanisms for problems 1-14, such as Gilman reagents and others. Are they all the same? Also, could you rewrite it so I can better understand? The handwriting is pretty cluttered. Additionally, I need to label the nucleophile and electrophile, but my main concern is whether those reactions differ, like the "Brønsted-Lowry acid-base mechanism, Lewis acid-base mechanism, acid-catalyzed mechanisms, acid-catalyzed reactions, base-catalyzed reactions, nucleophilic substitution mechanisms (SN1 and SN2), elimination reactions (E1 and E2), organometallic mechanisms, and so forth."