Biology 2e
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781947172517
Author: Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher: OpenStax
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Chapter 21, Problem 32CTQ
Prions are responsible for variant Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, which has resulted in over 100 human deaths in Great Britain during the last 10 years. How do humans contract this disease?
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How is a provirus related to disease symptoms?
A-the provirus continually lyses cells, causing disease symptoms
B-the provirus periodically shifts to a lytic cycle, causing disease symptoms
C-the provirus can produce endospores during unfavorable times
D-the provirus secretes powerful toxins that make the host ill
Body licea) can act as a vector to transmit disease.b) seldom spread from person to person.c) have eight legs and sucking mouthparts.d) are more closely related to ticks than they are to mosquitoes.
Which of the following is a possible result of viral infection in eukaryotic host cells?
O 1) Syncytialization of host cells.
O 2) Inclusion bodies within the cytoplasm.
O
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5) All of the above
Chapter 21 Solutions
Biology 2e
Ch. 21 - Figure 21.5 Which of the following statements...Ch. 21 - Figure 21.8 Influenza virus is packaged in a viral...Ch. 21 - Figure 21.10 Which of the following statements is...Ch. 21 - Which statement is true? A virion contains DNA and...Ch. 21 - The viral______play(s) a role in attaching a...Ch. 21 - Viruses. all have a round shape cannot have a long...Ch. 21 - The observation that the bacteria genus Chlamydia...Ch. 21 - A scientist discovers a new virus with a linear,...Ch. 21 - Which statement is not true of viral replication?...Ch. 21 - Which statement is true of viral replication? In...
Ch. 21 - Which statement is true of reverse transcriptase?...Ch. 21 - Oncogenic virus cores can be. RNA DNA neither RNA...Ch. 21 - Which is true of DNA viruses? They use the host...Ch. 21 - A bacteriophage can infect the lungs viruses...Ch. 21 - People with the CCR5?32 mutation of a T-cell...Ch. 21 - An apple grower notices that several of his apple...Ch. 21 - Which of the following is NOT used to treat active...Ch. 21 - Vaccines. are similar to viroids are only needed...Ch. 21 - A patient presents at the clinic with an acute...Ch. 21 - Which of the following is not associated with...Ch. 21 - Which statement is true of viroids? They are...Ch. 21 - The first electron micrograph of a virus (tobacco...Ch. 21 - Varicella-zoster virus is a double-stranded DNA...Ch. 21 - Classify the Rabies virus (a rhabdovirus family...Ch. 21 - Why can’t dogs catch the measles?Ch. 21 - One of the first and most important targets for...Ch. 21 - In this section, you were introduced to different...Ch. 21 - Although plant viruses cannot infect humans, what...Ch. 21 - A bacteriophage with a lytic life cycle develops a...Ch. 21 - Why is immunization after being bitten by a rabid...Ch. 21 - The vaccine Gardasil that targets human papilloma...Ch. 21 - Prions are responsible for variant Creutzfeldt...Ch. 21 - How are viroids like viruses?Ch. 21 - A botanist notices that a tomato plant looks...
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- There have been recurring cases of mad-cow disease in the United Kingdom since the mid-1990s. Mad-cow disease is caused by a prion, an infectious particle that consists only of protein. In 1986, the media began reporting that cows all over England were dying from a mysterious disease. Initially, there was little interest in determining whether humans could be affected. For 10 years, the British government maintained that this unusual disease could not be transmitted to humans. However, in March 1996, the government did an about-face and announced that bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad-cow disease, can be transmitted to humans, where it is known as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). As in cows, this disease eats away at the nervous system, destroying the brain and essentially turning it into a spongelike structure filled with holes. Victims experience dementia; confusion; loss of speech, sight, and hearing; convulsions; coma; and finally death. Prion diseases are always fatal, and there is no treatment. Precautionary measures taken in Britain to prevent this disease in humans may have begun too late. Many of the victims contracted it over a decade earlier, when the BSE epidemic began, and the incubation period is long (vCJD has an incubation period of 10 to 40 years). A recent study concluded that 1 in 2,000 people in Great Britain carry the abnormally folded protein that causes vCJD. In spite of these numbers, the death rate from vCJD remains low. It is not clear whether this means that the incubation period for the disease is much longer than previously thought, or whether they may never develop the disease. What measures have been taken to stop BSE?arrow_forwardThere have been recurring cases of mad-cow disease in the United Kingdom since the mid-1990s. Mad-cow disease is caused by a prion, an infectious particle that consists only of protein. In 1986, the media began reporting that cows all over England were dying from a mysterious disease. Initially, there was little interest in determining whether humans could be affected. For 10 years, the British government maintained that this unusual disease could not be transmitted to humans. However, in March 1996, the government did an about-face and announced that bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad-cow disease, can be transmitted to humans, where it is known as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). As in cows, this disease eats away at the nervous system, destroying the brain and essentially turning it into a spongelike structure filled with holes. Victims experience dementia; confusion; loss of speech, sight, and hearing; convulsions; coma; and finally death. Prion diseases are always fatal, and there is no treatment. Precautionary measures taken in Britain to prevent this disease in humans may have begun too late. Many of the victims contracted it over a decade earlier, when the BSE epidemic began, and the incubation period is long (vCJD has an incubation period of 10 to 40 years). A recent study concluded that 1 in 2,000 people in Great Britain carry the abnormally folded protein that causes vCJD. In spite of these numbers, the death rate from vCJD remains low. It is not clear whether this means that the incubation period for the disease is much longer than previously thought, or whether they may never develop the disease. If you were traveling in Europe, would you eat beef? Give sound reasons why or why not.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements regarding retroviruses is FALSE? A) a cellular enzyme converts the RNA genome into DNA B) double-stranded DNA is transcribed into mRNA by cellular enzymes C) retroviral genomes consist of positive-sense RNA D) the virus commonly integrates into the host chromosome as a provirus E) viral RNA enters the nucleus F) ALL of these statements are TRUEarrow_forward
- What do the following viral encephalitis diseases have incommon: eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encepha-litis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, WestNile fever?(a) They are all caused by the same virus.(b) They all have the horse as a common intermediatehost.(c) They are all transmitted into the body through the biteof an infected mosquito.(d) Birds are never involved in the life cycle of the virusesthat cause these diseases.(e) Both a and d.arrow_forwardYou have a discussion among friends about viruses that can cause latent and chronic infections in humans. The first friend says that an example for latent infections in humans are oral and genital herpes caused by herpes simplex virus and that examples of viruses causing chronic infections are Hepatitis C and HIV. The second friend says oral and genital herpes as well as chickenpox/ shingles are chronic infections and that HIV is an example for a virus causing a latent infection. O The first person is correct O The second person is correctarrow_forwardIn 2006, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of bacteriophage preparation that can be used on ready-to-eat meat and poultry products to kill Listeria monocytogenes, a bacterium that causes listeriosis. Some people may have concerns about the use of phages in foods. From what you have learned about bacteriophages and viruses, why do you think we do not have to be concerned about the presence of bacteriophages in food?arrow_forward
- Why can bird flu H5N1 infect humans?arrow_forwardThe West Nile virus has what mode of transmission? a) Propagative b) Cyclo-propagative c) Cyclo-developmental d) monoxenousarrow_forwardWhy do viruses more often evolve to greater transmission at the cost of virulence? From an evolutionary perspective why does this make sense?arrow_forward
- Imagine that a drug was discovered that is able to bind to and cut off the 5' cap of the coronavirus RNA genome once it enters the host cytoplasm. Based on this description, which of the following steps of the infection cycle would this drug directly inhibit? a) Entry b) Synthesis c) Attachment d) Release e) Assemblyarrow_forwardWhich of these statements concerning Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease(CJD) and vCJD is true?a) CJD occurs in children; vCJD occurs in adults over 45.b) CJD and vCJD are fatal in under 50% of cases.c) CJD is caused by prions; vCJD is a viral infection.d) Only humans suffer from diseases like CJD and vCJD.e) Both CJD and vCJD produce a spongy appearance in affected brain tissue.arrow_forwardList characteristics common to all animal diseases caused by prionsarrow_forward
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