Chapter 21, Problem 21.1P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The structure of $5-\text{cyanopentanoic}\text{acid}$ is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carboxylic acid is a class of organic compound that contains a $-\text{COOH}$ group attached with a hydrocarbon chain. The IUPAC gave certain rules which are used worldwide to name the organic compounds. Due to IUPAC naming, each compound has a unique name which is different from their common name.

Answer to Problem 21.1P

The structure of $5-\text{cyanopentanoic}\text{acid}$ is shown below.

Explanation of Solution

In $5-\text{cyanopentanoic}\text{acid}$, there is a five carbon chain. At one end of the chain there will be a carboxyl group. The carboxyl group will be numbered first. The five carbon chain with a carboxylic acid group is shown below.

Figure 1

At the fifth carbon, there is a cyano group $\left(-\text{CN}\right)$. The cyano group on the fifth carbon is shown below.

Figure 2

The above skeleton is completed by adding hydrogens as per the tetravalency of carbon as shown below.

Figure 3

Conclusion

The structure of $5-\text{cyanopentanoic}\text{acid}$ is shown in Figure 3.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The structure of isopropyl valerate is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carboxylic acid is a class of organic compound that contains a $-\text{COOH}$ group attached with a hydrocarbon chain. The IUPAC gave certain rules which are used worldwide to name the organic compounds. Due to IUPAC naming, each compound has a unique name which is different from their common name.

Answer to Problem 21.1P

The structure of isopropyl valerate is shown below.

Explanation of Solution

The structure of isopropyl valerate consists of eight carbons, sixteen hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms. Isopropyl valerate is a common name of isopropyl pentanoate. It is a five carbon carboxylic acid. The structure of pentanoic acid is shown below.

Figure 4

The hydrogen of carboxylic group is replaced by an isopropyl group to form an ester. The structure of isopropyl valerate is shown below.

Figure 5

Conclusion

The structure of isopropyl valerate is shown in Figure 5.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The structure of ethyl methyl malonate is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carboxylic acid is a class of organic compound that contains a $-\text{COOH}$ group attached with a hydrocarbon chain. The IUPAC gave certain rules which are used worldwide to name the organic compounds. Due to IUPAC naming, each compound has a unique name which is different from their common name.

Answer to Problem 21.1P

The structure of ethyl methyl malonate is shown below.

Explanation of Solution

The structure of ethyl methyl malonate consists of a eight carbons, fourteen hydrogen and four oxygen. Ethyl methyl malonate consists of propane dioic acid as parent chain.

The structure of propane dioic acid is shown below.

Figure 6

In the above structure, at first position hydrogen is substituted by a methyl group and at the last carboxyl group an ethyl group replaces the hydrogen of the carboxyl group. The structure of ethyl methyl malonate is shown below.

Figure 7

Conclusion

The structure of ethyl methyl malonate is shown in Figure 6.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The structure of cyclohexyl acetate is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carboxylic acid is a class of organic compound that contains a $-\text{COOH}$ group attached with a hydrocarbon chain. The IUPAC gave certain rules which are used worldwide to name the organic compounds. Due to IUPAC naming, each compound has a unique name which is different from their common name.

Answer to Problem 21.1P

The structure of cyclohexyl acetate is shown below.

Explanation of Solution

Cyclohexyl acetate consists of a cyclohexane ring and an acetate group. The acetate group is given by the formula ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{COO}$. In cyclohexyl actetae, the hydrogen of cyclohexane ring is replaced by an acetate group. Therefore, the structure of cyclohexyl acetate is shown below.

Figure 8

Conclusion

The structure of cyclohexyl acetate is shown in Figure 8

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The structure of $N,N-\text{dimethylformamide}$ is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carboxylic acid is a class of organic compound that contains a $-\text{COOH}$ group attached with a hydrocarbon chain. The IUPAC gave certain rules which are used worldwide to name the organic compounds. Due to IUPAC naming, each compound has a unique name which is different from their common name.

Answer to Problem 21.1P

The structure of $N,N-\text{dimethylformamide}$ is shown below.

Explanation of Solution

The structure of $N,N-\text{dimethylformamide}$, consists of an amide group. The amide group is formed by the condensation of an amine and carboxyl group to form amide by loss of water molecule. In $N,N-\text{dimethylformamide}$, there is an amine group in which the hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups and there is a carboxylic acid of one carbon only. Therefore, the structure of $N,N-\text{dimethylformamide}$ is shown below.

Figure 9

Conclusion

The structure of $N,N-\text{dimethylformamide}$ is shown Figure 9.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The structure of $\text{γ}-\text{valerolactone}$ is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carboxylic acid is a class of organic compound that contains a $-\text{COOH}$ group attached with a hydrocarbon chain. The IUPAC gave certain rules which are used worldwide to name the organic compounds. Due to IUPAC naming, each compound has a unique name which is different from their common name.

Answer to Problem 21.1P

The structure of $\text{γ}-\text{valerolactone}$ is shown below.

Explanation of Solution

Lactones are cyclic esters. The structure of $\text{γ}-\text{valerolactone}$ consists of a methyl group substituted at the gamma position and a cyclic ester. There are total five carbons in the structure. Therefore, the structure of $\text{γ}-\text{valerolactone}$ is shown below.

Figure 10

Conclusion

The structure of $\text{γ}-\text{valerolactone}$ is shown in Figure 10.

Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Interpretation:

The structure of glutarimide is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carboxylic acid is a class of organic compound that contains a $-\text{COOH}$ group attached with a hydrocarbon chain. The IUPAC gave certain rules which are used worldwide to name the organic compounds. Due to IUPAC naming, each compound has a unique name which is different from their common name.

Answer to Problem 21.1P

The structure of glutarimide is shown below.

Explanation of Solution

The structure of glutarimide consists of a piperidine ring. There are two carbonyl group present adjacent to the nitrogen group. The structure of a piperidine ring is shown below.

Figure 11

Therefore, the structure of glutarimide is shown below.

Figure 12

Conclusion

The structure of glutarimide is shown in Figure 12.

Interpretation Introduction

(h)

Interpretation:

The structure of $\alpha -\text{chloroisobutyryl}\text{chloride}$ is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carboxylic acid is a class of organic compound that contains a $-\text{COOH}$ group attached with a hydrocarbon chain. The IUPAC gave certain rules which are used worldwide to name the organic compounds. Due to IUPAC naming, each compound has a unique name which is different from their common name.

Answer to Problem 21.1P

The structure of $\alpha -\text{chloroisobutyryl}\text{chloride}$ is shown below.

Explanation of Solution

There is carboxyl group present in $\alpha -\text{chloroisobutyryl}\text{chloride}$. In the carboxyl group, the hydroxyl part $\left(\text{OH}\right)$ is replaced by a chloro group to form $\text{COCl}$. A chloro group is also present at the carbon adjacent to the carboxyl group. Also, there is an isobutyl group, that is a three carbon group in which one methyl group is present as a substituent. Therefore, the structure of $\alpha -\text{chloroisobutyryl}\text{chloride}$ is shown below.

Figure 13

Conclusion

The structure of $\alpha -\text{chloroisobutyryl}\text{chloride}$ is shown in Figure 13.

Interpretation Introduction

(i)

Interpretation:

The structure of $3-\text{ethoxycarbonylhexanedioic}\text{acid}$ is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carboxylic acid is a class of organic compound that contains a $-\text{COOH}$ group attached with a hydrocarbon chain. The IUPAC gave certain rules which are used worldwide to name the organic compounds. Due to IUPAC naming, each compound has a unique name which is different from their common name.

Answer to Problem 21.1P

The structure of $3-\text{ethoxycarbonylhexanedioic}\text{acid}$ is shown below.

Explanation of Solution

In $3-\text{ethoxycarbonylhexanedioic}\text{acid}$, the parent chain consists of six carbon chain with two carboxylic groups at each end. The parent chain is shown below.

Figure 14

In the above structure there is a ethoxy carbonyl group at the third position. Therefore, the structure of $3-\text{ethoxycarbonylhexanedioic}\text{acid}$ is shown below.

Figure 15

Conclusion

The structure of $3-\text{ethoxycarbonylhexanedioic}\text{acid}$ is shown in Figure 15.