![Genetics: From Genes to Genomes](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781259700903/9781259700903_largeCoverImage.gif)
Concept explainers
Choose the best matching phrase in the right column for each of the terms in the left column.
a. fitness | 1. the genotype with the highest fitness is the heterozygote |
b. gene pool | 2. chance fluctuations in allele frequency |
c. fitness cost | 3. mutations accumulate at a relatively constant rate |
d. allele frequencies | 4. p = 1.0 |
e. heterozygote advantage | 5. ability to survive and reproduce |
f. equilibrium frequency | 6. p and q |
g. genetic drift | 7. event that drastically lowers N |
h. molecular clock | 8. the advantage of a particular genotype in one situation is a disadvantage in another situation |
i. population bottleneck | 9. frequency of an allele at which Δq = 0 |
j. hominins | 10. collection of alleles carried by all members of a population |
k. fixation | 11. Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, and Denisovans |
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “fitness” among the options given below.
1. the genotype with the highest fitness is the heterozygote
2. chance fluctuations in allele frequency
3. mutations accumulate at a relatively constant rate
4. p = 1.0
5. ability to survive and reproduce
6. p and q
7. event that drastically lowers N
8. the advantage of a particular genotype in one situation is a disadvantage in another situation
9. frequency of an allele at which Δq = 0
10. collection of alleles carried by all members of a population.
11. Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, and Denisovans.
Introduction:
Fitness in the field of genetics can be described as a term that means ability of an organism to survive and produce offsprings.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Fitness: Ability to survive and reproduce
Explanation of Solution
Fitness is defined as the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce efficiently. It is the ability of an organism to successfully transmit its genetic material (genes) to the next generation.
Thus, the term that describes “ability to survive and reproduce” is fitness.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
b.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “gene pool” among the options given below.
1. the genotype with the highest fitness is the heterozygote
2. chance fluctuations in allele frequency
3. mutations accumulate at a relatively constant rate
4. p = 1.0
5. ability to survive and reproduce
6. p and q
7. event that drastically lowers N
8. the advantage of a particular genotype in one situation is a disadvantage in another situation
9. frequency of an allele at which Δq = 0
10. collection of alleles carried by all members of a population.
11. Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, and Denisovans.
Introduction:
Gene pool refer to the collection of alleles or genes that are usually present in an interbreeding population.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Gene pool: Collection of alleles carried by all members of a population
Explanation of Solution
The collection of all the genes or alleles that are found in a particular population is termed as the gene pool. It is an important concept of population genetics as it helps in determining all the alleles that are common in a population.
Thus, the term that describes “the collection of alleles carried by all the members of a population” is the gene pool.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
c.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “fitness cost” among the options given below.
1. the genotype with the highest fitness is the heterozygote
2. chance fluctuations in allele frequency
3. mutations accumulate at a relatively constant rate
4. p = 1.0
5. ability to survive and reproduce
6. p and q
7. event that drastically lowers N
8. the advantage of a particular genotype in one situation is a disadvantage in another situation
9. frequency of an allele at which Δq = 0
10. collection of alleles carried by all members of a population.
11. Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, and Denisovans.
Introduction:
Fitness cost in terms of genetics is related to the selective advantage provided to a geneotype in one condition, but it may be disadvantageous in other conditions.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Fitness cost: The advantage of a particular genotype in one situation is a disadvantage in another situation
Explanation of Solution
Fitness cost is defined as the process by which the advantage of a genotype in one condition turns out to be a disadvantage in another situation. For example, “RR” is the genotype that codes for insecticide resistance. The frequency of this genotype increases in the presence of an insecticide while its frequency reduces in the absence of an insecticide.
Thus, the term that describes “the advantage of a particular genotype in one situation is a disadvantage in another situation” is fitness cost.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
d.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “allele frequencies” among the options given below.
1. the genotype with the highest fitness is the heterozygote
2. chance fluctuations in allele frequency
3. mutations accumulate at a relatively constant rate
4. p = 1.0
5. ability to survive and reproduce
6. p and q
7. event that drastically lowers N
8. the advantage of a particular genotype in one situation is a disadvantage in another situation
9. frequency of an allele at which Δq = 0
10. collection of alleles carried by all members of a population.
11. Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, and Denisovans.
Introduction:
Allele frequencies can be associated with gene frequencies and can be used to calculate genotype frequencies with the help of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Allele frequencies: p and q
Explanation of Solution
The proportion of gene copies that are of a common allele type in a population is termed as allele frequency. Geoffrey H. Hardy was a scientist who proposed the concept of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. This concept is used to associate the allele frequency with the genotype frequency.
According to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium:
where:
p and q are the allele frequencies.
Thus, the p and q are allele frequencies.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
e.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “heterozygote advantage” among the options given below.
1. the genotype with the highest fitness is the heterozygote
2. chance fluctuations in allele frequency
3. mutations accumulate at a relatively constant rate
4. p = 1.0
5. ability to survive and reproduce
6. p and q
7. event that drastically lowers N
8. the advantage of a particular genotype in one situation is a disadvantage in another situation
9. frequency of an allele at which Δq = 0
10. collection of alleles carried by all members of a population.
11. Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, and Denisovans.
Introduction:
Heterozygote advantage is related to the fitness level of heterozygous genotype.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Heterozygote advantage: The genotype with the highest fitness is the heterozygote
Explanation of Solution
There are two types of organisms. These are heterozygotes and homozygotes. The organism that has the same type of alleles for a particular genotype is termed as a homozygote. However, the organism that contains different alleles for genotypes is termed as heterozygotes. This type of organism produces different types of offsprings. Heterozygote advantage is used to indicate that the genotype that has the highest fitness is a heterozygote and not a homozygote.
Thus, the term that describes that a hetrozygote has the highest fitness is hetrozygote advantage.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
f.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “equilibrium frequencies” among the options given below.
1. the genotype with the highest fitness is the heterozygote
2. chance fluctuations in allele frequency
3. mutations accumulate at a relatively constant rate
4. p = 1.0
5. ability to survive and reproduce
6. p and q
7. event that drastically lowers N
8. the advantage of a particular genotype in one situation is a disadvantage in another situation
9. frequency of an allele at which Δq = 0
10. collection of alleles carried by all members of a population.
11. Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, and Denisovans.
Introduction:
Equilibrium frequency refers to the frequency at which Δq is found to be zero.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Equilibrium frequency: Frequency of an allele at which Δq = 0
Explanation of Solution
The allele frequency is represented as “p and q”. Equilibrium frequency is defined as the allele frequency when Δq = 0. This is because the frequency of an allele is at equilibrium when q is equal to 0.
Thus, the equilibrium frequency is the frequency on allele when Δq = 0.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
g.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “genetic drift” among the options given below.
1. the genotype with the highest fitness is the heterozygote
2. chance fluctuations in allele frequency
3. mutations accumulate at a relatively constant rate
4. p = 1.0
5. ability to survive and reproduce
6. p and q
7. event that drastically lowers N
8. the advantage of a particular genotype in one situation is a disadvantage in another situation
9. frequency of an allele at which Δq = 0
10. collection of alleles carried by all members of a population.
11. Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, and Denisovans.
Introduction:
Genetic drift refers to random changes of a frequency of an allele over a period of time in a population.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Genetic dift: Chance fluctuations in allele frequency
Explanation of Solution
The proportion of gene copies that are of a common allele type in a population is termed as allele frequency. Genetic drift is defined as the random changes in the allele frequency. The changes that are responsible for genetic drift are results of random inheritance. Thus, the term that describes chance fluctuations in the allele frequency is genetic drift.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
h.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “molecular clock” among the options given below.
1. the genotype with the highest fitness is the heterozygote
2. chance fluctuations in allele frequency
3. mutations accumulate at a relatively constant rate
4. p = 1.0
5. ability to survive and reproduce
6. p and q
7. event that drastically lowers N
8. the advantage of a particular genotype in one situation is a disadvantage in another situation
9. frequency of an allele at which Δq = 0
10. collection of alleles carried by all members of a population.
11. Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, and Denisovans.
Introduction:
The molecular clock plays a significant role in different areas of evolutionary biology.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Molecular clock: Mutations accumulate at a relatively constant rate
Explanation of Solution
An organism which is closely related has a high degree of the arrangement whereas; distantly reacted species has dissimilar arrangements. The scientists use a technique called the molecular clock. The molecular clock is used to detect the time period when organisms diverged from a common ancestor.
Thus, the term that describes the accumulation of mutation at constant rate is molecular clock.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
i.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “population bottleneck” among the options given below.
1. the genotype with the highest fitness is the heterozygote
2. chance fluctuations in allele frequency
3. mutations accumulate at a relatively constant rate
4. p = 1.0
5. ability to survive and reproduce
6. p and q
7. event that drastically lowers N
8. the advantage of a particular genotype in one situation is a disadvantage in another situation
9. frequency of an allele at which Δq = 0
10. collection of alleles carried by all members of a population.
11. Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, and Denisovans.
Introduction:
Reduction in the size of population due to environmental problems and anthropogenic activities is called population bottleneck.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Population bottleneck: Event that drastically lowers N
Explanation of Solution
The phenomenon by which a large population perishes randomly is termed as a population bottleneck. These are the events that rapidly lower the frequency of a population (N).
Thus, the event that drastically lowers N is called population bottleneck.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
j.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “hominins” among the options given below:
1. the genotype with the highest fitness is the heterozygote
2. chance fluctuations in allele frequency
3. mutations accumulate at a relatively constant rate
4. p = 1.0
5. ability to survive and reproduce
6. p and q
7. event that drastically lowers N
8. the advantage of a particular genotype in one situation is a disadvantage in another situation
9. frequency of an allele at which Δq = 0
10. collection of alleles carried by all members of a population.
11. Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, and Denisovans.
Introduction:
Hominin consists of Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, and Denisovans.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Hominins: Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, and Denisovans.
Explanation of Solution
Hominin is a taxonomic tribe that is composed of Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, and Denisovans. It has been observed that the modern human of Europe mate with the hominins.
Thus, the term that describes “Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, and Denisovans” is hominins.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
k.
The phrase that describes “fixation” among the options given below:
1. the genotype with the highest fitness is the heterozygote
2. chance fluctuations in allele frequency
3. mutations accumulate at a relatively constant rate
4. p = 1.0
5. ability to survive and reproduce
6. p and q
7. event that drastically lowers N
8. the advantage of a particular genotype in one situation is a disadvantage in another situation
9. frequency of an allele at which Δq = 0
10. collection of alleles carried by all members of a population.
11. Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, and Denisovans
Introduction:
Fixation is achieved when the frequency of specific gene has reached 100% in a population.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Fixation: p = 1.0
Explanation of Solution
The scientists consider a population to be fixed when a single allele is able to survive in all the individuals. It is the state at which any change after fixation cannot take place. The allele frequency (p and q) is 1.0 when fixation occurs.
Thus, the term that describes “p = 1.0” is fixation.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 21 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
- What are some external influences that keep people from making healthy eating decisions?arrow_forwardWhat type of structure(s) would you expect to see in peripheral membrane proteins? (mark all that apply) A. Amphipathic alpha helix (one side is hydrophilic and one side is hydrophobic) B. A hydrophobic beta barrel C. A hydrophobic alpha helix D. A chemical group attached to the protein that can anchor it to the membranearrow_forwardTemporal flexibility (the ability to change over time) of actin structures within a cell is maintained by… A. The growth/shrinkage cycle B. Periodic catastrophe C. GTP hydrolysis D. Treadmilling E. None of the abovearrow_forward
- During in vitro polymerization of actin and microtubule filaments from their subunits, what causes the initial delay in filament growth? A.Nucleation B.Reaching homeostasis C.Nucleotide exchange D.ATP or GTP hydrolysis E.Treadmillingarrow_forwardYou expect to find which of the following in the Microtubule Organizing Center (MTOC)...(mark all that apply) A. Gamma tubulin B. XMAP215 C. Centrioles D. Kinesin-13arrow_forwardThe actin-nucleating protein formin has flexible “arms” containing binding sites that help recruit subunits in order to enhance microfilament polymerization. What protein binds these sites? A.Thymosin B.Profilin C.Cofilin D.Actin E.Tropomodulinarrow_forward
- While investigating an unidentified motor protein, you discover that it has two heads that bind to actin. Based on this information, you could confidently determine that it is NOT... (mark all that apply) A. A myosin I motor B. A dynein motor C. A myosin VI motor D. A kinesin motorarrow_forwardYou isolate the plasma membrane of cells and find that . . . A. it contains regions with different lipid compositions B. it has different lipid types on the outer and cytosolic leaflets of the membrane C. neither are possible D. A and B both occurarrow_forwardYou are studying the mobility of a transmembrane protein that contains extracellular domains, one transmembrane domain, and a large cytosolic domain. Under normal conditions, this protein is confined to a particular region of the membrane due to the cortical actin cytoskeletal network. Which of the following changes is most likely to increase mobility of this protein beyond the normal restricted region of the membrane? A. Increased temperature B. Protease cleavage of the extracellular domain of the protein C. Binding to a free-floating extracellular ligand, such as a hormone D. Protease cleavage of the cytosolic domain of the protein E. Aggregation of the protein with other transmembrane proteinsarrow_forward
- Topic: Benthic invertebrates as an indicator species for climate change, mapping changes in ecosystems (Historical Analysis & GIS) What objects or events has the team chosen to analyze? How does your team wish to delineate the domain or scale in which these objects or events operate? How does that limited domain facilitate a more feasible research project? What is your understanding of their relationships to other objects and events? Are you excluding other things from consideration which may influence the phenomena you seek to understand? Examples of such exclusions might include certain air-born pollutants; a general class of water bodies near Ottawa, or measurements recorded at other months of the year; interview participants from other organizations that are involved in the development of your central topic or issue. In what ways do your research questions follow as the most appropriate and/or most practical questions (given the circumstances) to pursue to better understand…arrow_forwardThe Esp gene encodes a protein that alters the structure of the insulin receptor on osteoblasts and interferes with the binding of insulin to the receptor. A researcher created a group of osteoblasts with an Esp mutation that prevented the production of a functional Esp product (mutant). The researcher then exposed the mutant strain and a normal strain that expresses Esp to glucose and compared the levels of insulin in the blood near the osteoblasts (Figure 2). Which of the following claims is most consistent with the data shown in Figure 2 ? A Esp expression is necessary to prevent the overproduction of insulin. B Esp protein does not regulate blood-sarrow_forwardPredict the per capita rate of change (r) for a population of ruil trees in the presence of the novel symbiont when the soil moisture is 29%. The formula I am given is y= -0.00012x^2 + 0.0088x -0.1372. Do I use this formula and plug in 29 for each x variable?arrow_forward
- Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781337392938Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. BergPublisher:Cengage LearningHuman Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage LearningBiology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Concepts of BiologyBiologyISBN:9781938168116Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James WisePublisher:OpenStax CollegeBiology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap...BiologyISBN:9781305073951Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa StarrPublisher:Cengage Learning
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781337392938/9781337392938_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781305251052/9781305251052_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781305389892/9781305389892_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781938168116/9781938168116_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781305967359/9781305967359_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781305073951/9781305073951_smallCoverImage.gif)