Anatomy & Physiology (6th Edition)
6th Edition
ISBN: 9780134156415
Author: Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 21, Problem 11MC
Which of the following has the greatest stimulating effect on the respiratory centers in the brain? (a) oxygen, (b) carbon dioxide, (c) calcium, (d) willpower.
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Select the best answer or answers from the choices given: Which of the following has the greatest stimulating effect on the respiratory centers in the brain? (a) oxygen, (b) carbon dioxide, (c) calcium, (d) willpower.
Which one of the following is a possibility for most
of us in regard to breathing, by making a conscious
effort?
(a) One can breathe out air totally without oxygen.
(b) One can breathe out air through Eustachian
tube by closing both nose and mouth.
(c) One can consciously breathe in and breathe
out by moving the diaphragm alone, without
moving the ribs at all.
(d) The lungs can be made fully empty by forcefully
breathing out all air from them.
(Mains 2011)
A 5-year-old child announces to her parents (former A&P students) that she is going to hold her breath until she is allowed to watch more television. The parents are not worried. (a) Explain why the parents are not worried. (b) Explain how the child’s blood carbon dioxide levels and blood hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion levels change while she is holding her breath.
Chapter 21 Solutions
Anatomy & Physiology (6th Edition)
Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 1CYUCh. 21.1 - Which part of the pharynx houses the pharyngeal...Ch. 21.2 - Which structure seals the larynx when we swallow?Ch. 21.2 - Which structural features of the trachea allow it...Ch. 21.2 - What features of the alveoli and their respiratory...Ch. 21.2 - A 3-year-old boy is brought to the emergency...Ch. 21.3 - The lungs are perfused by two different...Ch. 21.3 - Prob. 8CYUCh. 21.4 - What is the driving force for pulmonary...Ch. 21.4 - What causes the intrapulmonary pressure to...
Ch. 21.4 - What causes the partial vacuum (negative pressure)...Ch. 21.4 - Premature infants often lack adequate surfactant....Ch. 21.5 - Explain why slow, deep breaths ventilate the...Ch. 21.5 - Prob. 14CYUCh. 21.6 - You are given a sealed container of water and air....Ch. 21.6 - PO2 in the alveoli is about 56 mm Hg lower than in...Ch. 21.6 - Suppose a patient is receiving oxygen by mask. Are...Ch. 21.7 - Prob. 18CYUCh. 21.7 - What is the relationship between CO2 and pH in the...Ch. 21.7 - The dotted lines in the two graphs below represent...Ch. 21.8 - Which brain stem respiratory area is thought to...Ch. 21.8 - Prob. 22CYUCh. 21.9 - An injured soccer player arrives by ambulance in...Ch. 21.9 - Prob. 24CYUCh. 21.10 - What distinguishes the obstruction in asthma from...Ch. 21 - Cutting the phrenic nerves will result in (a) air...Ch. 21 - Which of the following laryngeal cartilages is/are...Ch. 21 - Prob. 3MCCh. 21 - The detergent-like substance that keeps the...Ch. 21 - Which of the following determines the direction of...Ch. 21 - When the inspiratory muscles contract, (a) the...Ch. 21 - The nutrient blood supply of the lungs is provided...Ch. 21 - Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the...Ch. 21 - Which of the following would not normally be...Ch. 21 - Most oxygen carried in the blood is (a) in...Ch. 21 - Which of the following has the greatest...Ch. 21 - In mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration, the...Ch. 21 - Prob. 13MCCh. 21 - Prob. 14MCCh. 21 - Damage to which of the following would most likely...Ch. 21 - Prob. 16MCCh. 21 - Trace the route of air from the nares to an...Ch. 21 - (a) Why is it important that the trachea is...Ch. 21 - Briefly explain the anatomical reason why most men...Ch. 21 - The lungs are mostly passageways and elastic...Ch. 21 - Describe the functional relationships between...Ch. 21 - Discuss how airway resistance, lung compliance,...Ch. 21 - (a) Differentiate clearly between minute...Ch. 21 - Prob. 24SAQCh. 21 - (a) Define hyperventilation. (b) If you...Ch. 21 - Prob. 1CCSCh. 21 - Prob. 2CCSCh. 21 - Barbara Joley was in the bus that was hit...Ch. 21 - Barbara Joley was in the bus that was hit...Ch. 21 - Prob. 5CCSCh. 21 - Prob. 6CCSCh. 21 - Prob. 7CCS
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- When individuals are hyperventilating, they are told to breathe into a paper bag or into their cupped hands. (a) Explain why this increases blood carbon dioxide levels. (b) What will this do to the breathing rate?arrow_forwardWhich one of the following is a possibility for most of us in regard to breathing, by making a conscious effort? Justify your option. a) One can consciously breathe in and breathe out by moving the diaphragm alone, without moving the ribs at all b)The lungs can be made fully empty by forcefully breathing out all air from them c)One can breathe out air totally without oxygen d) One can breathe out air through eustachian tubes by closing both the nose and the moutharrow_forward1) During alveolar HYPERventilation, levels of blood CO2 drop while blood O2 is elevated. What reflexive responses will this stimulate from the CPG? a) Increased DRG and VRG activity in the medulla, stimulating I and E motor neurons. b) Decreased DRG and VRG activity in the medulla, stimulating I and E motor neurons. c) Decreased DRG and VRG activity in the medulla, inhibiting I and E motor neurons. d) Increased DRG and VRG activity in the medulla, inhibiting I and E motor neurons.arrow_forward
- When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gaschanges first leads to the urge to breathe?(A) rising O2(B) falling O2(C) rising CO2(D) falling CO2arrow_forwardWhich of the following is TRUE of airway resistance in the respiratory system? O a) Resistance increases with increasing lung volume b) Resistance decreases with increasing lung volume Oc) Resistance decreases when bronchi are exposed to acetylcholine d) Resistance increases when bronchi are exposed to norepinephrinearrow_forwardThe ventral respiratory group functions in Choose from the following: (A) normal inspiration / forced expiration (B) forced inspiration / passive expiration (C) forced inspiration / forced expirationarrow_forward
- (a) Define hyperventilation. (b) If you hyperventilate, do you retain or expel more carbon dioxide? (c) What effect does hyperventilation have on blood pH?arrow_forwardHow do barbiturates influence the respiratory center? a.) increase its activity b.) Cause its activity to be involuntary c.) decreases its activity d.) Causes its activity to be voluntaryarrow_forwardWhich of the following is the respiratory membrane composed of? A) respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts b) respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs d) alveolar sacs and alveolar ducts e) alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranesarrow_forward
- 62. Which of the following events occurs during the expiratory phase of respiration? A) Contraction of the external intercostal muscles B) Elevation of the ribs C) Increase in thoracic volume D) Relaxation of the diaphragm E) Widening of the costal marginarrow_forwardIn the respiratory system of humans, there are two zones, conducting and exchange. (a) Name all the parts of the conducting zone and exchange zone (be specific). (b) which parts pf the respiratory tract have the incomplete cartilagenous rings.arrow_forwardWhich statement correctly explains why respiration rate elevates with exercise as compared to at rest. A) oxygen from the blood diffuses into the alveoli for expulsion through exhalation at a faster rate inguinal nodes B) oxygen from the alveoli diffuses into the capillaries for expulsion through exhalation at a faster rate C) carbon dioxide from the alveoli diffuses into the capillaries for expulsion through exhalation at a faster rate D) carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses into the alveoli for expulsion through exhalation at a faster ratearrow_forward
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