Human Anatomy & Physiology
1st Edition
ISBN: 9780805382952
Author: Erin C. Amerman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 20.3, Problem 3QC
What is the complement system, and what are its roles?
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9. Aerobic respiration of one lipid molecule. The lipid is composed of one glycerol molecule connected to two
fatty acid tails. One fatty acid is 12 carbons long and the other fatty acid is 18 carbons long in the figure
below. Use the information below to determine how much ATP will be produced from the glycerol part of
the lipid. Then, in part B, determine how much ATP is produced from the 2 fatty acids of the lipid. Finally
put the NADH and ATP yields together from the glycerol and fatty acids (part A and B) to determine your
total number of ATP produced per lipid. Assume no other carbon source is available.
18 carbons
fatty acids
12 carbons
9
glycerol
A. Glycerol is broken down to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, a glycolysis intermediate via the following
pathway shown in the figure below. Notice this process costs one ATP but generates one FADH2. Continue
generating ATP with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate using the standard pathway and aerobic respiration.
glycerol
glycerol-3-
phosphate…
Normal dive (for diving humans)
normal
breathing
dive
normal
breathing
Oz level
CO2 level
urgent need
to breathe
Oz blackout zone
high CO2 triggers breathing
6. This diagram shows rates of oxygen depletion and carbon dioxide accumulation in the blood in
relation to the levels needed to maintain consciousness and trigger the urgent need to breathe in
diving humans.
How might the location and slope of the O₂ line differ for diving marine mammals such as
whales and dolphins?
•
How might the location and slope of the CO₂ line differ for diving marine mammals such as
whales and dolphins?
•
•
Draw in predicted lines for O2 and CO2, based on your reasoning above.
How might the location of the Urgent Need to Breathe line and the O2 Blackout Zone line
differ for diving marine mammals?
What physiological mechanisms account for each of these differences, resulting in the ability
of marine mammals to stay submerged for long periods of time?
foraging/diet type
teeth
tongue
stomach
intestines
cecum
Insectivory
numerous, spiky, incisors procumbentExample: moleExample: shrew
--
simple
short
mostly lacking
Myrmecophagy
absent or reduced in numbers, peg-likeExample: tamandua anteater
extremely long
simple, often roughened
short
small or lacking
Terrestrial carnivory
sharp incisors; long, conical canines; often carnassial cheek teeth; may have crushing molarsExample: dog
--
simple
short
small
Aquatic carnivory
homodont, spiky, numerousExample: common dolphin
--
simple or multichambered (cetaceans only)
variable
small or absent
Sanguinivory
very sharp upper incisors; reduced cheek teethExample: vampire bat
grooved
tubular, highly extensible
long
small or lacking
Herbivory (except nectivores)
incisors robust or absent; canines reduced or absent; diastema; cheek teeth enlarged with complex occlusal surfacesExample: beaver
--
simple (hindgut fermenters) or multichambered (ruminants)
long
large
Filter feeding
none…
Chapter 20 Solutions
Human Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 20.1 - What are the main functions of the lymphatic...Ch. 20.1 - 2. How do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood...Ch. 20.1 - What is the pathway of lymph flow from the right...Ch. 20.1 - 4. What main cell types are located in lymphoid...Ch. 20.1 - List the main functions of MALT, lymph nodes, the...Ch. 20.2 - 1. How do innate immunity and adaptive immunity...Ch. 20.2 - 2. What are the three lines of defense?
Ch. 20.2 - What are the bodys main surface barriers, and how...Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 4QCCh. 20.2 - How are the immune system and lymphatic system...
Ch. 20.3 - Match the following cell types with their correct...Ch. 20.3 - Which of the cells in question 1 do not directly...Ch. 20.3 - What is the complement system, and what are its...Ch. 20.3 - In what two ways is the complement system...Ch. 20.3 - 5. What are the main cytokines of innate...Ch. 20.3 - What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?Ch. 20.3 - 7. What are inflammatory mediators, and what do...Ch. 20.3 - Explain the role of phagocytes in the inflammatory...Ch. 20.3 - What causes the elevated temperature and common...Ch. 20.3 - Prob. 10QCCh. 20.4 - 1. What are MHC molecules?
Ch. 20.4 - 2. How do class I and class II MHC molecules...Ch. 20.4 - How are T cells activated?Ch. 20.4 - Prob. 4QCCh. 20.4 - What are the main functions of TC cells?Ch. 20.4 - Prob. 6QCCh. 20.4 - Prob. 7QCCh. 20.5 - 1. How is a B cell activated?
Ch. 20.5 - Prob. 2QCCh. 20.5 - What are the five classes of antibody, and how do...Ch. 20.5 - 4. List the five main functions of antibodies.
Ch. 20.5 - How do the primary and secondary immune responses...Ch. 20.5 - 6. What is the purpose of a vaccination, and what...Ch. 20.5 - 7. How do active immunity and passive immunity...Ch. 20.6 - How do innate immunity and adaptive immunity work...Ch. 20.6 - Walk through the basic steps of the immune...Ch. 20.6 - How does the immune system survey the body for...Ch. 20.6 - Walk through the steps of the immune response to...Ch. 20.6 - Prob. 5QCCh. 20.6 - 6. How do cancer cells escape the immune response...Ch. 20.7 - Define the four types of hypersensitivity...Ch. 20.7 - Explain how type IV hypersensitivity differs from...Ch. 20.7 - How do primary and secondary immunodeficiency...Ch. 20.7 - Prob. 4QCCh. 20.7 - What is an autoimmune disorder? What produces the...Ch. 20.7 - 6. What are the potential causes of autoimmune...Ch. 20 - 1. Which of the following is not a function of the...Ch. 20 - Mark the following statements as true or false. If...Ch. 20 - Fill in the blanks: The lymphoid organ that...Ch. 20 - Fill in the blanks: Nonspecific immunity is also...Ch. 20 -
5. Which of the following make up the body’s...Ch. 20 - Which of the following does not describe the...Ch. 20 - Mark the following statements as true or false. If...Ch. 20 - Which of the following functions is/are performed...Ch. 20 - Prob. 9CYRCh. 20 - 10. When naïve B cells are activated, they...Ch. 20 - 11. Match the following antibodies with the...Ch. 20 - Mark the following statements as true or false. If...Ch. 20 - Prob. 13CYRCh. 20 - On which type(s) of cells are class I MHC...Ch. 20 - Fill in the blanks: Class I MHC molecules display...Ch. 20 - 16. Which of the following is not a role of TH...Ch. 20 - 17. Mark the following statements as true or...Ch. 20 - 18. Type I hypersensitivity is due to release of...Ch. 20 - Prob. 19CYRCh. 20 - Prob. 20CYRCh. 20 - Prob. 1CYUCh. 20 - Complement proteins are crucial for stimulating...Ch. 20 - 3. Terrence has severe asthma and allergies, and...Ch. 20 - Your friend tests her snake-wrangling skills on an...Ch. 20 - 2. Carla presents to her physician with a...Ch. 20 - 3. Mr. White has been diagnosed with febrile...Ch. 20 - Mr. White developed neutropenia as a consequence...Ch. 20 - 5. The chemotherapeutic drugs Mr. White is taking...
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- How much ATP will be produced during the following metabolic scenario: Aerobic respiration of a 5mM lipid solution that is made up of one glycerol and an 8-carbon fatty acid and 12-carbon fatty acid. Recall that when glycerol breaks down to Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate it costs one ATP but your get an extra FADH2. Every two carbons of a fatty acid break down to one acetyl-CoA. Units cannot be entered in this style of question but the units of your answer should be in mM of ATP.arrow_forwardIf a bacterium using aerobic respiration was to degrade one small protein molecule into 8 molecules of pyruvic acid, how many ATP would that cell make? Assume there is no other carbon source. Units cannot be entered in this style of question but the units of your answer should be in molecules of ATP.arrow_forwardIf a bacterium using aerobic respiration was to degrade a 30 mM solution of citric acid, how many ATP would that cell make? Assume no other carbon source is available. Units cannot be entered in this style of question but the units of your answer should be in mM of ATP.arrow_forward
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