(a)
Interpretation:
A systematic scheme for the transformation of the cyclopentanecarboxylic acid from cyclopentanol is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
When an unsymmetrical 
, an alkyl bromide is formed. The substitution of in an alkene takes place by Markovnikov’s rule. According to Markovnikov’s rule, halide is substituted to the carbon atom which bears less number of hydrogen atoms and hydride ion is substituted to the carbon atom which bears more number of hydrogen atoms.
Grignard reagents are
(b)
Interpretation:
A systematic scheme for the transformation of the octanoic acid from 
is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
When an unsymmetrical alkene is reacted with , an alkyl bromide is formed. The substitution of in an alkene takes place by Markovnikov’s rule. According to Markovnikov’s rule, halide is substituted to the carbon atom which bears less number of hydrogen atoms and hydride ion is substituted to the carbon atom which bears more number of hydrogen atoms.
Grignard reagents are organometallic compounds which are prepared using alkyl halides in the presence of magnesium metal in dry ether. These reagents act as strong nucleophiles and bases.
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