
(a)
Interpretation:
The product which is formed by the reaction of
Concept introduction:
The curved-arrow notation is used to show the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. The curved arrow has two barbs (head and tail) which represent the direction of electron flow.

Answer to Problem 20.31AP
The curved arrow notation and product for the reaction of
Explanation of Solution
The treatment of sodium methoxide with a
In the first step, the electron pairs of oxygen present in methoxide ion attacks the acyl carbon atom of acetic acid and bonding pair of electrons present in the pi bond of acyl group shifts towards oxygen atom simultaneously. Due this an intermediate is formed as shown below.
Figure 1
In the second step, the regeneration of the acyl group takes place by the movement of electron pair of negative charged oxygen atom and also the removal of hydroxide ion takes place from the intermediate simultaneously. Hydroxide ion gets removed by grabbing the electron pair of
Figure 2
Therefore, methyl acetate is desired product formed by the reaction of
The curved arrow notation and product for the reaction of
(b)
Interpretation:
The product which is formed by the reaction of
Concept introduction:
The curved-arrow notation is used to show the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. The curved arrow has two barbs (head and tail) which represent the direction of electron flow.

Answer to Problem 20.31AP
The curved arrow notation and product for the reaction of of acetic acid are shown below.
Explanation of Solution
The treatment of a base like
Figure 3
Therefore, cesium acetate is desired product formed by the reaction of of
The curved arrow notation and product for the reaction of
(c)
Interpretation:
The product which is formed by the reaction of of acetic acid and the corresponding curved-arrow notation are to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The curved-arrow notation is used to show the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. The curved arrow has two barbs (head and tail) which represent the direction of electron flow.

Answer to Problem 20.31AP
The curved arrow notation and product for the reaction of
Explanation of Solution
The treatment of Grignard reagent with a carboxylic acid results into a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The steps for the formation of the product of the reaction between
In the first step, the bonding electron pairs of
Figure 4
In the second step, the regeneration of the acyl group takes place by the movement of electron pair of negative charged oxygen atom and also the removal of hydroxide ion takes place from the intermediate simultaneously. Hydroxide ion gets removed by grabbing the electron pair of
Figure 5
Therefore, of
The curved arrow notation and product for the reaction of
(d)
Interpretation:
The product which is formed by the reaction of
Concept introduction:
The curved-arrow notation is used to show the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. The curved arrow has two barbs (head and tail) which represent the direction of electron flow.

Answer to Problem 20.31AP
The curved arrow notation and product for the reaction of
Explanation of Solution
The treatment of a base like
Figure 6
Therefore, lithium acetate is desired product formed by the reaction of
The curved arrow notation and product for the reaction of
(e)
Interpretation:
The product which is formed by the reaction of
Concept introduction:
The curved-arrow notation is used to show the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. The curved arrow has two barbs (head and tail) which represent the direction of electron flow.

Answer to Problem 20.31AP
The curved arrow notation and product for the reaction of
Explanation of Solution
The treatment of ammonia with a carboxylic acid results into a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction. The steps for the formation of the product of the reaction between
In the first step, the lone of pair of electrons of
Figure 7
In the second step, electron pairs of oxygen in
Figure 8
In the third step, the regeneration of the acyl group takes place by the movement of electron pair of negative charged oxygen atom and also the removal of hydroxide ion takes place from the intermediate simultaneously. Hydroxide ion gets removed by grabbing the electron pair of
Figure 9
Therefore,
The curved arrow notation and product for the reaction of
(f)
Interpretation:
The product which is formed by the reaction of
Concept introduction:
The curved-arrow notation is used to show the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. The curved arrow has two barbs (head and tail) which represent the direction of electron flow.

Answer to Problem 20.31AP
The curved arrow notation and product for the reaction of
Explanation of Solution
The treatment of a base like
Figure 10
Therefore, sodium acetate is desired product formed by the reaction of
The curved arrow notation and product for the reaction of
(g)
Interpretation:
The product which is formed by the reaction of
Concept introduction:
The curved-arrow notation is used to show the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. The curved arrow has two barbs (head and tail) which represent the direction of electron flow.

Answer to Problem 20.31AP
The curved arrow notation and product for the reaction of
Explanation of Solution
The given compound is shown below.
Figure 11
The given compound is sodium hydrogencarbonate. The treatment of a base like sodium hydrogencarbonate with acetic acid produces a salt known as sodium acetate. In the first step of the reaction between
Figure 12
Therefore, sodium acetate is desired product formed by the reaction of
The curved arrow notation and product for the reaction of
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