The way in which testosterone and hydrocortisone are able to selectively influence the production of two different proteins in the same tissue. Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

Question

"One of the symmetry breaking events in mouse gastrulation requires the amplification of Nodal on the side of the embryo opposite to the Anterior Visceral Endoderm (AVE). Describe one way by which Nodal gets amplified in this region." My understanding of this is that there are a few ways nodal is amplified though I'm not sure if this is specifically occurs on the opposite side of the AVE. 1. pronodal cleaved by protease -> active nodal 2. Nodal -> BMP4 -> Wnt-> nodal 3. Nodal-> Nodal, Fox1 binding site 4. BMP4 on outside-> nodal Are all of these occuring opposite to AVE?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 20.8PS

(a)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The way in which testosterone and hydrocortisone are able to selectively influence the production of two different proteins in the same tissue.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: How the treatment of the liver with puromycin or α-amanitin prior to the administration of testosterone or hydrocortisone will affect the actions of testosterone and hydrocortisone.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The effect of testosterone and hydrocortisone that will be expected in cells containing altered receptors due to a domain-swap experiment.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The effect that testosterone and hydrocortisone will have in a case where the testosterone response element is substituted for a glucocorticoid response element.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

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"One of the symmetry breaking events in mouse gastrulation requires the amplification of Nodal on the side of the embryo opposite to the Anterior Visceral Endoderm (AVE). Describe one way by which Nodal gets amplified in this region." My understanding of this is that there are a few ways nodal is amplified though I'm not sure if this is specifically occurs on the opposite side of the AVE. 1. pronodal cleaved by protease -> active nodal 2. Nodal -> BMP4 -> Wnt-> nodal 3. Nodal-> Nodal, Fox1 binding site 4. BMP4 on outside-> nodal Are all of these occuring opposite to AVE?

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 20.8PS

(a)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The way in which testosterone and hydrocortisone are able to selectively influence the production of two different proteins in the same tissue.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: How the treatment of the liver with puromycin or α-amanitin prior to the administration of testosterone or hydrocortisone will affect the actions of testosterone and hydrocortisone.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The effect of testosterone and hydrocortisone that will be expected in cells containing altered receptors due to a domain-swap experiment.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The effect that testosterone and hydrocortisone will have in a case where the testosterone response element is substituted for a glucocorticoid response element.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 20.8PS

(a)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The way in which testosterone and hydrocortisone are able to selectively influence the production of two different proteins in the same tissue.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: How the treatment of the liver with puromycin or α-amanitin prior to the administration of testosterone or hydrocortisone will affect the actions of testosterone and hydrocortisone.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The effect of testosterone and hydrocortisone that will be expected in cells containing altered receptors due to a domain-swap experiment.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The effect that testosterone and hydrocortisone will have in a case where the testosterone response element is substituted for a glucocorticoid response element.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 20.8PS

(a)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The way in which testosterone and hydrocortisone are able to selectively influence the production of two different proteins in the same tissue.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: How the treatment of the liver with puromycin or α-amanitin prior to the administration of testosterone or hydrocortisone will affect the actions of testosterone and hydrocortisone.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The effect of testosterone and hydrocortisone that will be expected in cells containing altered receptors due to a domain-swap experiment.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The effect that testosterone and hydrocortisone will have in a case where the testosterone response element is substituted for a glucocorticoid response element.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

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Answer 5

Chapter 20, Problem 20.8PS

(a)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The way in which testosterone and hydrocortisone are able to selectively influence the production of two different proteins in the same tissue.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: How the treatment of the liver with puromycin or α-amanitin prior to the administration of testosterone or hydrocortisone will affect the actions of testosterone and hydrocortisone.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The effect of testosterone and hydrocortisone that will be expected in cells containing altered receptors due to a domain-swap experiment.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The effect that testosterone and hydrocortisone will have in a case where the testosterone response element is substituted for a glucocorticoid response element.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

Answer 6

Chapter 20, Problem 20.8PS

(a)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The way in which testosterone and hydrocortisone are able to selectively influence the production of two different proteins in the same tissue.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

Answer 7

Chapter 20, Problem 20.8PS

(a)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The way in which testosterone and hydrocortisone are able to selectively influence the production of two different proteins in the same tissue.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

Answer 8

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: How the treatment of the liver with puromycin or α-amanitin prior to the administration of testosterone or hydrocortisone will affect the actions of testosterone and hydrocortisone.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

Answer 9

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: How the treatment of the liver with puromycin or α-amanitin prior to the administration of testosterone or hydrocortisone will affect the actions of testosterone and hydrocortisone.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

Answer 10

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The effect of testosterone and hydrocortisone that will be expected in cells containing altered receptors due to a domain-swap experiment.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

Answer 11

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The effect of testosterone and hydrocortisone that will be expected in cells containing altered receptors due to a domain-swap experiment.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

Answer 12

(d)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The effect that testosterone and hydrocortisone will have in a case where the testosterone response element is substituted for a glucocorticoid response element.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

Answer 13

(d)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The effect that testosterone and hydrocortisone will have in a case where the testosterone response element is substituted for a glucocorticoid response element.

Introduction: Steroid hormones are hormones which increase the expression of specific genes in selected target cell types. Testosterone is an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the protein α2-microglobulin in the liver. Hydrocortisone is also an example of a steroid hormone. It increases the production of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver.

Answer 14

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Solution Summary: The author explains how testosterone and hydrocortisone are able to selectively influence the production of two different proteins in the same tissue.

Chapter 20 Solutions