(a) Interpretation: The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown. Concept Introduction: Nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction is a reaction in which a nucleophile and acyl compound reacts with each other. The nucleophile can be alcohol, amine or enolate ion. The electrophile can be acid halide, anhydride or ester.

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Answer 1

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Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 20, Problem 20.38AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction is a reaction in which a nucleophile and acyl compound reacts with each other. The nucleophile can be alcohol, amine or enolate ion. The electrophile can be acid halide, anhydride or ester.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction is a reaction in which a nucleophile and acyl compound reacts with each other. The nucleophile can be alcohol, amine or enolate ion. The electrophile can be acid halide, anhydride or ester.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The reduction of carboxylic acid to alcohol is performed in the presence of lithium aluminiumhydride. It is a strong reducing agent. The reaction of alcohol with hydrogen bromide is nucleophilic substitution reaction. The Grignard reagent reacts with aldehyde compound to form alcohols.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The compound thionyl chloride is a chlorinating agent. The reaction of carboxylic acid with thionyl chloride forms acyl chloride. Friedel craft alkylation reaction is reaction of alkyl compounds with acyl chloride in presence of aluminium trichloride. The aluminium trichloride abstracts the chlorine atom from acyl chloride to generate an electrophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The reduction of carboxylic acid to alcohol is performed in the presence of lithium aluminiumhydride. It is a strong reducing agent. PCC is an oxidizing agent. The reaction of alcohol with PCC forms aldehyde. The Grignard reagent reacts with aldehyde compound to form alcohols.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The reduction of carboxylic acid to alcohol is performed in the presence of lithium aluminiumhydride. It is a strong reducing agent. The reaction of alcohol with hydrogen bromide is nucleophilic substitution reaction. The Grignard reagent reacts with aldehyde compound to form alcohols.

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Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 20, Problem 20.38AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction is a reaction in which a nucleophile and acyl compound reacts with each other. The nucleophile can be alcohol, amine or enolate ion. The electrophile can be acid halide, anhydride or ester.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction is a reaction in which a nucleophile and acyl compound reacts with each other. The nucleophile can be alcohol, amine or enolate ion. The electrophile can be acid halide, anhydride or ester.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The reduction of carboxylic acid to alcohol is performed in the presence of lithium aluminiumhydride. It is a strong reducing agent. The reaction of alcohol with hydrogen bromide is nucleophilic substitution reaction. The Grignard reagent reacts with aldehyde compound to form alcohols.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The compound thionyl chloride is a chlorinating agent. The reaction of carboxylic acid with thionyl chloride forms acyl chloride. Friedel craft alkylation reaction is reaction of alkyl compounds with acyl chloride in presence of aluminium trichloride. The aluminium trichloride abstracts the chlorine atom from acyl chloride to generate an electrophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The reduction of carboxylic acid to alcohol is performed in the presence of lithium aluminiumhydride. It is a strong reducing agent. PCC is an oxidizing agent. The reaction of alcohol with PCC forms aldehyde. The Grignard reagent reacts with aldehyde compound to form alcohols.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The reduction of carboxylic acid to alcohol is performed in the presence of lithium aluminiumhydride. It is a strong reducing agent. The reaction of alcohol with hydrogen bromide is nucleophilic substitution reaction. The Grignard reagent reacts with aldehyde compound to form alcohols.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 20, Problem 20.38AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction is a reaction in which a nucleophile and acyl compound reacts with each other. The nucleophile can be alcohol, amine or enolate ion. The electrophile can be acid halide, anhydride or ester.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction is a reaction in which a nucleophile and acyl compound reacts with each other. The nucleophile can be alcohol, amine or enolate ion. The electrophile can be acid halide, anhydride or ester.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The reduction of carboxylic acid to alcohol is performed in the presence of lithium aluminiumhydride. It is a strong reducing agent. The reaction of alcohol with hydrogen bromide is nucleophilic substitution reaction. The Grignard reagent reacts with aldehyde compound to form alcohols.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The compound thionyl chloride is a chlorinating agent. The reaction of carboxylic acid with thionyl chloride forms acyl chloride. Friedel craft alkylation reaction is reaction of alkyl compounds with acyl chloride in presence of aluminium trichloride. The aluminium trichloride abstracts the chlorine atom from acyl chloride to generate an electrophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The reduction of carboxylic acid to alcohol is performed in the presence of lithium aluminiumhydride. It is a strong reducing agent. PCC is an oxidizing agent. The reaction of alcohol with PCC forms aldehyde. The Grignard reagent reacts with aldehyde compound to form alcohols.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The reduction of carboxylic acid to alcohol is performed in the presence of lithium aluminiumhydride. It is a strong reducing agent. The reaction of alcohol with hydrogen bromide is nucleophilic substitution reaction. The Grignard reagent reacts with aldehyde compound to form alcohols.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 20, Problem 20.38AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction is a reaction in which a nucleophile and acyl compound reacts with each other. The nucleophile can be alcohol, amine or enolate ion. The electrophile can be acid halide, anhydride or ester.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction is a reaction in which a nucleophile and acyl compound reacts with each other. The nucleophile can be alcohol, amine or enolate ion. The electrophile can be acid halide, anhydride or ester.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The reduction of carboxylic acid to alcohol is performed in the presence of lithium aluminiumhydride. It is a strong reducing agent. The reaction of alcohol with hydrogen bromide is nucleophilic substitution reaction. The Grignard reagent reacts with aldehyde compound to form alcohols.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The compound thionyl chloride is a chlorinating agent. The reaction of carboxylic acid with thionyl chloride forms acyl chloride. Friedel craft alkylation reaction is reaction of alkyl compounds with acyl chloride in presence of aluminium trichloride. The aluminium trichloride abstracts the chlorine atom from acyl chloride to generate an electrophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The reduction of carboxylic acid to alcohol is performed in the presence of lithium aluminiumhydride. It is a strong reducing agent. PCC is an oxidizing agent. The reaction of alcohol with PCC forms aldehyde. The Grignard reagent reacts with aldehyde compound to form alcohols.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The reduction of carboxylic acid to alcohol is performed in the presence of lithium aluminiumhydride. It is a strong reducing agent. The reaction of alcohol with hydrogen bromide is nucleophilic substitution reaction. The Grignard reagent reacts with aldehyde compound to form alcohols.

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Answer 5

Chapter 20, Problem 20.38AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction is a reaction in which a nucleophile and acyl compound reacts with each other. The nucleophile can be alcohol, amine or enolate ion. The electrophile can be acid halide, anhydride or ester.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction is a reaction in which a nucleophile and acyl compound reacts with each other. The nucleophile can be alcohol, amine or enolate ion. The electrophile can be acid halide, anhydride or ester.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The reduction of carboxylic acid to alcohol is performed in the presence of lithium aluminiumhydride. It is a strong reducing agent. The reaction of alcohol with hydrogen bromide is nucleophilic substitution reaction. The Grignard reagent reacts with aldehyde compound to form alcohols.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The compound thionyl chloride is a chlorinating agent. The reaction of carboxylic acid with thionyl chloride forms acyl chloride. Friedel craft alkylation reaction is reaction of alkyl compounds with acyl chloride in presence of aluminium trichloride. The aluminium trichloride abstracts the chlorine atom from acyl chloride to generate an electrophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The reduction of carboxylic acid to alcohol is performed in the presence of lithium aluminiumhydride. It is a strong reducing agent. PCC is an oxidizing agent. The reaction of alcohol with PCC forms aldehyde. The Grignard reagent reacts with aldehyde compound to form alcohols.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The reduction of carboxylic acid to alcohol is performed in the presence of lithium aluminiumhydride. It is a strong reducing agent. The reaction of alcohol with hydrogen bromide is nucleophilic substitution reaction. The Grignard reagent reacts with aldehyde compound to form alcohols.

Answer 6

Chapter 20, Problem 20.38AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction is a reaction in which a nucleophile and acyl compound reacts with each other. The nucleophile can be alcohol, amine or enolate ion. The electrophile can be acid halide, anhydride or ester.

Answer 7

Chapter 20, Problem 20.38AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction is a reaction in which a nucleophile and acyl compound reacts with each other. The nucleophile can be alcohol, amine or enolate ion. The electrophile can be acid halide, anhydride or ester.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction is a reaction in which a nucleophile and acyl compound reacts with each other. The nucleophile can be alcohol, amine or enolate ion. The electrophile can be acid halide, anhydride or ester.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction is a reaction in which a nucleophile and acyl compound reacts with each other. The nucleophile can be alcohol, amine or enolate ion. The electrophile can be acid halide, anhydride or ester.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The reduction of carboxylic acid to alcohol is performed in the presence of lithium aluminiumhydride. It is a strong reducing agent. The reaction of alcohol with hydrogen bromide is nucleophilic substitution reaction. The Grignard reagent reacts with aldehyde compound to form alcohols.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The reduction of carboxylic acid to alcohol is performed in the presence of lithium aluminiumhydride. It is a strong reducing agent. The reaction of alcohol with hydrogen bromide is nucleophilic substitution reaction. The Grignard reagent reacts with aldehyde compound to form alcohols.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The compound thionyl chloride is a chlorinating agent. The reaction of carboxylic acid with thionyl chloride forms acyl chloride. Friedel craft alkylation reaction is reaction of alkyl compounds with acyl chloride in presence of aluminium trichloride. The aluminium trichloride abstracts the chlorine atom from acyl chloride to generate an electrophile.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The compound thionyl chloride is a chlorinating agent. The reaction of carboxylic acid with thionyl chloride forms acyl chloride. Friedel craft alkylation reaction is reaction of alkyl compounds with acyl chloride in presence of aluminium trichloride. The aluminium trichloride abstracts the chlorine atom from acyl chloride to generate an electrophile.

Answer 14

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The reduction of carboxylic acid to alcohol is performed in the presence of lithium aluminiumhydride. It is a strong reducing agent. PCC is an oxidizing agent. The reaction of alcohol with PCC forms aldehyde. The Grignard reagent reacts with aldehyde compound to form alcohols.

Answer 15

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The reduction of carboxylic acid to alcohol is performed in the presence of lithium aluminiumhydride. It is a strong reducing agent. PCC is an oxidizing agent. The reaction of alcohol with PCC forms aldehyde. The Grignard reagent reacts with aldehyde compound to form alcohols.

Answer 16

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The reduction of carboxylic acid to alcohol is performed in the presence of lithium aluminiumhydride. It is a strong reducing agent. The reaction of alcohol with hydrogen bromide is nucleophilic substitution reaction. The Grignard reagent reacts with aldehyde compound to form alcohols.

Answer 17

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of given compound from isobutyric acid is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The reduction of carboxylic acid to alcohol is performed in the presence of lithium aluminiumhydride. It is a strong reducing agent. The reaction of alcohol with hydrogen bromide is nucleophilic substitution reaction. The Grignard reagent reacts with aldehyde compound to form alcohols.

Answer 18

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Answer 19

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Answer 20

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Answer 21

Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.1P Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.2P Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.3P Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.4P Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.5P Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.6P Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.7P Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.8P Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.9P Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.10P

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Chapter 20 Solutions