Interpretation:
The synthesis of
Concept introduction:
舧 Electrophiles are electron-deficient species, which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles, which accept electron pair.
舧 Nucleophiles are electron-rich species, which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles, which donate electron pair.
舧 Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.
舧 Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.
舧 Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
舧 The reaction in which hydrogen is added to the compound in the presence of catalyst is known as hydrogenation.
舧 The number of moles of hydrogen absorbed will be equal to the number of double bonds.
舧 The reaction in which a halide group is removed to form an alkene is called dehydrohalogenation.
舧 This reaction in which
舧 Acetylation refers to the process of introducing an acetyl group into a compound. A reaction involving te replacement of the hydrogen atom of a hydroxyl or amine group with an acetyl group. Acetic anhydride is commonly used as an acetylating agent.
舧 Piperidine is a heterocyclic amine containing six membered rings, which contains five methyl groups and one nitrogen atom.
舧 Nitrous acid
舧 Nitrous acid is used to make diazonium salts from amines.
舧 The reaction of primary aryl amine with nitrous acid gives arenediazonium salt.
舧 The nitro compounds formed by direct nitration reaction undergo reduction to give primary aryl amine.
舧 The diazonium group is easily replaced by another group.
舧 In Sandmeyer reaction, arenediazonium salt reacts with cuprous bromide, cuprous cyanide, and cuprous chloride, and the replacement of diazonium group by
舧 The replacement of diazonium group by
舧 The replacement of diazonium group by
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 20 Solutions
Organic Chemistry
- As far back as the 16th century, South American Incas chewed the leaves of the coca bush, Erythroxylon coca, to combat fatigue. Chemical studies of Erythroxylon coca by Friedrich Wöhler in 1862 resulted in the discovery of cocaine, C17H21NO4, as the active component. Basic hydrolysis of cocaine leads to methanol, benzoic acid, and another compound called ecgonine, C9H15NO3. Oxidation of ecgonine with CrO3 yields a keto acid that readily loses CO2 on heating, giving tropinone. (a) What is a likely structure for the keto acid? (b) What is a likely structure for ecgonine, neglecting stereochemistry? (c) What is a likely structure for cocaine, neglecting stereochemistry?arrow_forwardPleassseee soolllvee the queeeessssstion Tetracaine is a substance used as a spinal anesthetic. (a) How would you prepare tetracaine from the corresponding aniline derivative, ArNH2? (b) How would you prepare tetracaine from p-nitrobenzoic acid? (c) How would you prepare tetracaine from benzene?arrow_forward23.1(b,d and e)arrow_forward
- D, E,Farrow_forward21.95 A student carries out the following sequence of reactions. The IR and 1°C NMR spectra are shown for the product C. Draw structures for A-C. (Remember that the 13C NMR signal at 77 ppm is due to the CDCI3 solvent.) NaOC(CH)3 A (CH3)3COH 1. NaOEt, EtOH 1. NaOH, H,O C В 2. H,0º, A EtO OEt 2. Br(CH,),Br 100 90 80 70 60 – 50 40 - 30 20 C 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 Wavenumbers (cm-1) Chemical shift (ppm) % Transmittancearrow_forward17arrow_forward
- Draw the structure of each compound.(a) o-nitroanisole (b) 2,4-dimethoxyphenol (c) p-aminobenzoic acid(d) 4-nitroaniline (e) m-chlorotoluene (f) p-divinylbenzene(g) p-bromostyrene (h) 3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (i) tropylium chloride(j) sodium cyclopentadienide (k) 2-phenylpropan-1-ol (l) benzyl methyl ether(m) p-toluenesulfonic acid (n) o-xylene (o) 3-benzylpyridinearrow_forward(c) The sedative, R-thalidomide, was once used to address symptoms of morning sickness in expectant mothers, however, when it was discovered that S- thalidomide causes deformities in infants, the use of R-thalidomide as a sedative was discontinued. With the help of a reaction mechanism, explain why enantiopure R-thalidomide can not be safely used as a sedative without affecting infantsarrow_forwardb) Pyrrole and indole both react with the reagents shown below to give compounds E and F respectively. Reagents: РОС3, NazCOз, H20 E F (ii) Account for the regioselectivity observed.arrow_forward
- (a) Explain why an alkylamine is more basic than ammonia?(b) How would you convert(i) Aniline to nitrobenzene (ii) Aniline to iodobenzenearrow_forward(c) Treating lactone B with two equivalents of phenylmagnesium bromide, followed by hydrolysis in aqueous acid, gives a compound with the molecular formula C18H22O2, as shown below. Propose a structural formula for this compound. 1. PhMgBr (2 eq.) 2. H'/H>O C18H2202 bj 1o 14 10I f6 40 & 3 4 00 (8)arrow_forward22.26 In each of the following reactions, the aromatic ring has just one chemically distinct, aromatic H, so a single electrophilic aromatic substitution will lead to just a single product. With this in mind, predict the product of each of these reactions (b) NO2 (c) Br Chn FeCl3 Cl AlCl AIC NO2arrow_forward
- Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305580350Author:William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric Anslyn, Christopher S. FootePublisher:Cengage Learning