Fox and McDonald's Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781118912652
Author: Philip J. Pritchard, John W. Mitchell
Publisher: WILEY
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Chapter 2, Problem 73P
Water usually is assumed to be incompressible when evaluating static pressure variations. Actually it is 100 times more compressible than steel. Assuming the bulk modulus of water is constant, compute the percentage change in density for water raised to a gage pressure of 100 atm. Plot the percentage change in water density as a function of p/patm up to a pressure of 50,000 psi, which is the approximate pressure used for high-speed cutting jets of water to cut concrete and other composite materials. Would constant density be a reasonable assumption for engineering calculations for cutting jets?
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Problem 2 (55 pts). We now consider the FEM solution of Problem 1.(a) [5pts] Briefly describe the 4 steps necessary to obtain the approximate solution of thatBVP using the Galerkin FEM. Use the minimum amount of math necessary to supportyour explanations.(b) [20pts] Derive the weak form of the BVP.(c) [10pts] Assuming a mesh of two equal elements and linear shape functions, sketch byhand how you expect the FEM solution to look like. Also sketch the analytical solutionfor comparison. In your sketch, identify the nodal degrees of freedom that the FEMsolution seeks to find.(d) [10pts] By analogy with the elastic rod problem and heat conduction problem considered in class, write down the stiffness matrix and force vector for each of the twoelements considered in (c).(e) [10pts] Assemble the global system of equations, and verbally explain how to solve it.
An aluminum rod of length L = 1m has mass density ρ = 2700 kgm3 andYoung’s modulus E = 70GPa. The rod is fixed at both ends. The exactnatural eigenfrequencies of the rod are ωexactn =πnLqEρfor n=1,2,3,. . . .1. What is the minimum number of linear elements necessary todetermine the fundamental frequency ω1 of the system? Discretizethe rod in that many elements of equal length, assemble the globalsystem of equations KU = ω2MU, and find the fundamentalfrequency ω1. Compute the relative error e1 = (ω1 − ωexact1)/ωexact1.Sketch the fundamental mode of vibration.
Chapter 2 Solutions
Fox and McDonald's Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
Ch. 2 - For the velocity fields given below, determine:...Ch. 2 - For the velocity fields given below, determine:...Ch. 2 - A viscous liquid is sheared between two parallel...Ch. 2 - For the velocity field V=Ax2yi+Bxy2j, where A = 2...Ch. 2 - A fluid flow has the following velocity...Ch. 2 - When an incompressible, nonviscous fluid flows...Ch. 2 - For the free vortex flow the velocities are t =...Ch. 2 - For the forced vortex flow the velocities are t =...Ch. 2 - A velocity field is specified as V=axyi+by2j,...Ch. 2 - A velocity field is given by V=ax3i+bxy3j, where a...
Ch. 2 - The velocity for a steady, incompressible flow in...Ch. 2 - The flow field for an atmospheric flow is given by...Ch. 2 - For the velocity field V=AxiAyj,, where A = 2s 1....Ch. 2 - A velocity field in polar coordinates is given...Ch. 2 - The flow of air near the Earths surface is...Ch. 2 - A velocity field is given by V=aytibxj, where a =...Ch. 2 - Air flows downward toward an infinitely wide...Ch. 2 - Consider the flow described by the velocity field...Ch. 2 - Consider the velocity field V = axi + by(1 + ct)...Ch. 2 - Consider the flow field given in Eulerian...Ch. 2 - A velocity field is given by V=axti+byj, where A =...Ch. 2 - Consider the garden hose of Fig. 2.5. Suppose the...Ch. 2 - Consider the velocity field of Problem 2.18. Plot...Ch. 2 - Streaklines are traced out by neutrally buoyant...Ch. 2 - Consider the flow field V=axti+bj, where a = 1/s2...Ch. 2 - A flow is described by velocity field V=ay2i+bj,...Ch. 2 - Tiny hydrogen bubbles are being used as tracers to...Ch. 2 - A flow is described by velocity field V=ai+bxj,...Ch. 2 - A flow is described by velocity field V=ayi+btj,...Ch. 2 - A flow is described by velocity field V=ati+bj,...Ch. 2 - The variation with temperature of the viscosity of...Ch. 2 - The variation with temperature of the viscosity of...Ch. 2 - Some experimental data for the viscosity of helium...Ch. 2 - The velocity distribution for laminar flow between...Ch. 2 - What is the ratio between the viscosities of air...Ch. 2 - Calculate velocity gradients and shear stress for...Ch. 2 - A very large thin plate is centered in a gap of...Ch. 2 - A female freestyle ice skater, weighing 100 lbf,...Ch. 2 - A block of mass 10 kg and measuring 250 mm on each...Ch. 2 - A 73-mm-diameter aluminum (SG = 2.64) piston of...Ch. 2 - A vertical gap 25 mm wide of infinite extent...Ch. 2 - A cylinder 8 in. in diameter and 3 ft long is...Ch. 2 - Crude oil at 20C fills the space between two...Ch. 2 - The piston in Problem 2.40 is traveling at...Ch. 2 - A block of mass M slides on a thin film of oil....Ch. 2 - A block 0.1 m square, with 5 kg mass, slides down...Ch. 2 - A torque of 4 N m is required to rotate the...Ch. 2 - A circular disk of diameter d is slowly rotated in...Ch. 2 - The fluid drive shown transmits a torque T for...Ch. 2 - A block that is a mm square slides across a flat...Ch. 2 - In a food-processing plant, honey is pumped...Ch. 2 - SAE 10W-30 oil at 100C is pumped through a tube L...Ch. 2 - The lubricant has a kinematic viscosity of 2:8105...Ch. 2 - Calculate the approximate viscosity of the oil....Ch. 2 - Calculate the approximate power lost in friction...Ch. 2 - Fluids of viscosities 1 = 0.1 Ns/m2 and 2 = 0.15...Ch. 2 - A concentric cylinder viscometer may be formed by...Ch. 2 - A concentric cylinder viscometer is driven by a...Ch. 2 - A shaft with outside diameter of 18 mm turns at 20...Ch. 2 - A shock-free coupling for a low-power mechanical...Ch. 2 - A proposal has been made to use a pair of parallel...Ch. 2 - The cone and plate viscometer shown is an...Ch. 2 - A viscometer is used to measure the viscosity of a...Ch. 2 - A concentric-cylinder viscometer is shown. Viscous...Ch. 2 - Design a concentric-cylinder viscometer to measure...Ch. 2 - A cross section of a rotating bearing is shown....Ch. 2 - Small gas bubbles form in soda when a bottle or...Ch. 2 - You intend to gently place several steel needles...Ch. 2 - According to Folsom [6], the capillary rise h...Ch. 2 - Calculate and plot the maximum capillary rise of...Ch. 2 - Calculate the maximum capillary rise of water...Ch. 2 - Calculate the maximum capillary depression of...Ch. 2 - Water usually is assumed to be incompressible when...Ch. 2 - The viscous boundary layer velocity profile shown...Ch. 2 - In a food industry process, carbon tetrachloride...Ch. 2 - What is the Reynolds number of water at 20C...Ch. 2 - A supersonic aircraft travels at 2700 km/hr at an...Ch. 2 - SAE 30 oil at 100C flows through a 12-mm-diameter...Ch. 2 - A seaplane is flying at 100 mph through air at...Ch. 2 - An airliner is cruising at an altitude of 5.5 km...
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