Microbiology Fundamentals: A Clinical Approach
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9781259709227
Author: Marjorie Kelly Cowan Professor, Heidi Smith
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 2, Problem 6Q
Some bacteria can produce a structure called an endospore, which is used as a survival structure. It is surrounded by a very tough and impervious outer layer, that keeps it protected in adverse environmental conditions. What kinds of things would you need to know about this structure if you wanted to devise a way to stain it and see it under a microscope?
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Microbiologists use the Gram stain to differentiate among two groups of bacteria. How do Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria differ?
Question 1 options:
the presence or absence of peptidoglycan in the cell wall
the presence or absence of muramic acid in the cell wall
the presence or absence of outer plasma membrane
the lipid composition of plasma membrane
none of the above.
Bacterial growth depends on many environmental factors, including the temperature of the environment. Since microbes can survive in a certain range of temperatures and will thrive at a temperature, understanding these variables allows for control of their growth. This understanding can be used, for example, to preserve certain foods or to treat infections. This lab simulation will use an instrument called a spectrophotometer. This instrument quantitatively measures the amount of light that is absorbed or transmitted by molecules in solution. Microbial populations grow at different rates based on temperature. One way to measure growth is by turbidity measurements. When bacteria multiply in a broth culture they turn the clear solution cloudy, or turbid.
a) in your own words explain the proper steps to Inoculate 5°C sterile broth tube using aseptic technique
Bacterial growth depends on many environmental factors, including the temperature of the environment. Since microbes can survive in a certain range of temperatures and will thrive at a temperature, understanding these variables allows for control of their growth. This understanding can be used, for example, to preserve certain foods or to treat infections. This lab simulation will use an instrument called a spectrophotometer. This instrument quantitatively measures the amount of light that is absorbed or transmitted by molecules in solution
a) In your own words give an introduction to the microbial growth and the effect tempature has.
b) In your own words explain the importance of the spectrophotometer in regards to microbial growth.
c) In your own words give a hypothesis on how bacteria will react to different temperatures.
Chapter 2 Solutions
Microbiology Fundamentals: A Clinical Approach
Ch. 2.1 - Explain what the Five Is are and what each step...Ch. 2.1 - Discuss three physical states of media and when...Ch. 2.1 - Compare and contrast selective and differential...Ch. 2.1 - Provide brief definitions for defined media and...Ch. 2.1 - Medical Moment The Making of the Flu Vaccine: An...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 1NPCh. 2.1 - Prob. 2NPCh. 2.2 - Prob. 5AYPCh. 2.2 - Prob. 6AYPCh. 2.2 - Prob. 7AYP
Ch. 2.2 - Give examples of simple, differential, and special...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 3NPCh. 2.2 - Medical Moment Gram-Positive Versus Gram-Negative...Ch. 2 - The identities of microorganisms on our planet a....Ch. 2 - Prob. 2QCh. 2 - Often bacteria that are freshly isolated from a...Ch. 2 - Which of these types of organisms is least likely...Ch. 2 - Prob. 5QCh. 2 - Some bacteria can produce a structure called an...Ch. 2 - A fastidious organism must be grown on what type...Ch. 2 - Write a short paragraph to differentiate among the...Ch. 2 - Prob. 9QCh. 2 - Viruses are commonly grown in/on a. animal cells...Ch. 2 - Can you devise a growth medium with ingredients...Ch. 2 - There is a type of differential medium that can...Ch. 2 - Prob. 13QCh. 2 - Several bacteria live naturally in a material on...Ch. 2 - Archaea often grow naturally in extreme...Ch. 2 - Prob. 16QCh. 2 - After performing the streak plate procedure on a...Ch. 2 - You are a scientist studying a marsh area...Ch. 2 - Prob. 19QCh. 2 - Prob. 20QCh. 2 - You perform the special stain for bacterial...Ch. 2 - Prob. 1VC
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- Why do you suppose endospore-forming bacteria are commonly found in the soil? Suppose your unknown bacteria is a Gram-negative rod. You decide to perform an endospore stain, thinking it will help you with the identification of the organism. What will you see, and why?arrow_forwardBacteria are microscopic single-celled organisms that are far too small to detect with the naked eye. Describe how you could grow enough bacteria in a colony to be viewed without a microscope. What is the relationship between the cells that form a colony?arrow_forwardAfter completion of a Gram stain procedure, you notice the bacteria cells shown in the picture below. How would you categorize the bacteria based on 1. Gram stain results, 2. Cell arrangement, and 3. cell shape.? Would the bacteria in question 7 have a thick layer of peptidoglycan or a thin layer of peptidoglycan in its cell wall? Would the bacteria in question 7 have an outer lipopolysaccharide layer in its cell wall? Would the antibiotic penicillin likely work to eliminate infection with the bacteria in question 7? How would you describe the type of flagella arrangement for the bacterium below? (You'll use one word for the description here.)arrow_forward
- In a biological production process, bacteria with spore-forming ability are immobilized on a support surface. Once a batch of production is done, these cells along with their support material are separated from the medium, and then sterilization is performed in a furnace for safe disposal of material into the environment. An important issue here is to ensure ALL bacteria, including any spores that may form and those that are located at the center of the spherical support material, are killed with heat. For this purpose, the temperature at the center of the spherical support material must reach the designated killing temperature. The support material is a sphere with 3 cm diameter and a heat capacity of 4.0 kJ/kg*K, a density of 800 kg/m³, a thermal conductivity of 0.7 W/m*K. The heat transfer coefficient of the surrounding air is 14 W/m2*K. If the initial temperature inside the furnace prior to the start of sterilization is 15 °C, how long should the procedure last to obtain sterile…arrow_forwardThe laboratory that you are working in does not have a microscope or motility medium. Now, how will you determine if a disease-causing bacterium is plants is motile or non-motile?arrow_forwardBelow is an image of bacterial cells. 1. What shape of bacterial cells is portrayed? 2. Are there any bacterial arrangements visible? If so, which one(s)?arrow_forward
- Suppose you are staining three identical smears of the same bacterial culture with three different basic simple stains: carbol fuschin, crystal violet and methylene blue. You observe each stained preparation under oil immersion at 100X. which of the following bacterial characteristics would you expect to be different between each of the stains as you view them under the microscope. Bacterial arrangement Bacterial shape Size of cells The color of the bacteriaarrow_forwardWhat is the process to perform a Gram Stain? What happens if you make a mistake on a step (Think about different mistakes you could make)? What are the proper results? What structures do Archaeans use to attach to surfaces (Look like treble hooks)? What are bacterial inclusions? What are the similarities and differences in Gram - cells and Gram + cell structure? What is the function of ribosomes and what are they mad up of? What component of bacterial cells helps to combat/regulate osmotic forces? What are Koch’s postulates? What are they used for? Explain the process of endospore formation in endospore-producing organisms. What are the major components of the bacterial & eukaryotic cell? What is/are a pilus/pili and what do microbes use them for? What is the prokaryotic flagellum made up of?arrow_forwardI am doing my microbiology homework and I need help with these questions: 1) List the structures ALL bacteria possess. 2) Identify three structures SOME but not all bacteria possess. 5) Describe the structure and function of three different structures found outside of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. 6) Differentiate between the two main types of bacterial envelope structures. 7) Why are Gram-positive cell walls stronger than Gram-negative cell walls? 8) Name a substance in the envelope of SOME bacteria that can cause severe symptoms in humans. 9) Describe the causes of sporogenesis and germination 10) Compare and contrast the major features of archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes by completing the table below. Characteristic Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Chromosome Type of Ribosomes Protein Synthesis Similar to Eukarya Sterols In Membrane Membrane-bound Organelles Peptidoglycan in Cell wallarrow_forward
- You prepared another slide to visualize the bacteria under the oil immersion objective lens, but you found that the oil present in the lab was labeled as “vegetable oil”. Do you think it will be possible to use this oil to observe bacteria clearly? Explain your answerarrow_forwardYou are studying a new bacteria isolated from the soil by identifying the cellular structures that it makes. The presence of which of the following would indicate that your organism must be a Gram-positive bacterium? It has a cell wall with teichoic acids It has a polyhydroxyalkanoate storage granule It has an outer membrane with LPS It has a flagellaarrow_forwardMost bacteria require a water activity of 0.9 or higher to grow. A prolonged period of being dry usually causes loss of viability. How were there still living bacteria in many of the dried foods such as dried rice, dehydrated coconut flakes, raisins, etc.? Discuss.arrow_forward
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