Chapter 2, Problem 2.10VP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The stated questions are to be answered on the basis of the given representations [A] to [I].

Concept introduction: A sharing of electrons take place in covalent bonding while in ionic bond transfer of electrons takes place. The nomenclature rule for compounds that consist of a non metal is,

• The first element in chemical formula is named first.
• The name of second element is changed by attaching the suffix “ide” at the end

To determine: The covalent compound on the basis of the given representations [A] to [I].

Answer to Problem 2.10VP

Solution

The covalent compounds on the basis of given representations are $\text{Nitrogen}-14$, ${\text{CCl}}_4$, ${\text{CO}}_3{}^{2-}$, ${\text{N}}_2{\text{O}}_4$, ${\text{N}}_2\text{O}$, and Carbon $-14$.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation

A Bond between two non-metals is formed by sharing of electrons is known as covalent bond.

The covalent compounds on the basis of given representations are,

• $\text{Nitrogen}-14$ is the naturally occurring isotope of nitrogen. The existence of nitrogen gas is in the form of dinitrogen or ${\text{N}}_2$. The electronic configuration of nitrogen is $1{\text{s}}^{2}2{\text{s}}^{2}2{\text{p}}^3$. By sharing of three valence electrons with another nitrogen atom in dinitrogen molecules, each nitrogen atom completes its octet. Therefore, $\text{Nitrogen}-14$ is a covalent compound.
• In carbon tetrachloride, carbon gives its four valence electrons to four chlorine atoms to complete its octet. Therefore, ${\text{CCl}}_4$ is a covalent compound.
• Carbonate anion also form covalent bond by sharing of electron between carbon and oxygen.
• Dinitrogen tetroxide or ${\text{N}}_2{\text{O}}_4$ is also a covalent molecule as nitrogen atoms sharing its electron with oxygen.
• In ${\text{N}}_2\text{O}$, there are two nitrogen atoms which are bonded by a triple bond and one nitrogen is bonded to an oxygen atom by sharing its electrons with its neighbor atom.
• $\text{Carbon}-14$ is an isotope of carbon. The electronic configuration of carbon is $1{\text{s}}^{2}2{\text{s}}^{2}2{\text{p}}^4$. By sharing its valence electron carbon completes its octet. Therefore, $\text{Carbon}-14$ is also a covalent compound.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

To determine: The ionic compound on the basis of the given representations [A] to [I].

Answer to Problem 2.10VP

Solution

The ionic compound on the basis of the given representations is Barium sulfate $({\text{BaSO}}_4)$, and Sodium chloride $\left(\text{NaCl}\right)$.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation

In ionic bond exchange of electrons takes place. In barium sulfate, barium ion has $+2$ charge whereas sulfate ion has $-2$ charge. The sulfate ion is a polyatomic ion and the compound which is comprised of metal and polyatomic ion brings about the formation of ionic bonds.

For the formation of ionic compound, the minimum required electronegativity difference is $1.7$. The $2.55$ is the electronegativity difference between barium and oxygen which is more than the required electronegativity difference.

Therefore, Barium sulfate $({\text{BaSO}}_4)$ is an ionic compound. Similarly in $\text{NaCl}$, transfer of electrons is taking place from metal to non metal atoms. This results in the formation of ionic bond.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

To determine: The compound which shows ionic character as well as covalent bonding.

Answer to Problem 2.10VP

Solution

The nitric acid shows ionic character as well as covalent bonding.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation

In aqueous medium, nitric acid protonates to form nitrate ion. Therefore, ${\text{H}}^{+}$ and ${\text{NO}}_3{}^{-}$ ions are formed. In ionic compounds the positively charged ion is called cation, whereas negatively charged ion is called anion.

${\text{HNO}}_3$ is ionic in nature. ${\text{H}}^{+}$ ion is not a metal ion. It is formed because of the strong dipole of water molecules. For the formation of ionic compound, the minimum required electronegativity difference is $1.7$. $1.24$ is the electronegativity difference between oxygen and hydrogen which means $\text{O-H}$ bond is covalent in nature not ionic.

Therefore, the nitric acid shows ionic character as well as covalent bonding.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

To determine: The two representations that demonstrate the law of multiple proportions.

Answer to Problem 2.10VP

Solution

The two representations that demonstrate the law of multiple proportions are ${\text{N}}_2{\text{O}}_4$ and ${\text{N}}_2\text{O}$.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation

It is stated by law of multiple proportions that when an element responds with a given mass of a second element to form two distinct compounds, at that time the masses of the first element in the compounds have simple whole number ratios.

From the given compounds, ${\text{N}}_2{\text{O}}_4$ and ${\text{N}}_2\text{O}$ are examples of the law of multiple proportions. As same masses of nitrogen combine with different masses of oxygen to form two different compounds.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

To determine: The representations that have same empirical formula.

Answer to Problem 2.10VP

Solution

The given representations have no same empirical formula.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation

In empirical formula, compound has smallest positive integer ratio of its constituent elements. Hence, the given representations have no same empirical formula.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

To determine: The names of the given representations [D], [F], and [H].

Answer to Problem 2.10VP

Solution

The names of the given representations are Carbon tetrachloride, dinitrogen tetroxide, and dinitrogen monoxide.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation

The chemical formula of first given compound is ${\text{CCl}}_4$. The nomenclature rule provides the systematic names to the chemical compounds.

The nomenclature rule for compounds that consist of a non metal is,

• The first element in chemical formula is named first.
• The name of second element is changed by attaching the suffix “ide” at the end.

Therefore, by applying the rules the name of given compound is carbon tetrachloride.

The chemical formula of second compound is ${\text{N}}_2{\text{O}}_4$. The nomenclature rule provides the systematic names to the chemical compounds.

The nomenclature rule for compounds that consist of a metal and a non metal is,

• The name of metal ion’s does not change even it contain charge.
• The name of second element is changed by attaching the suffix “ide” at the end.
• Greek prefixes are used for number of atoms like mono, di, tri, tetra.

Therefore, by applying the rules the name of given compound is dinitrogen tetroxide.

The chemical formula of given compound is ${\text{N}}_2\text{O}$. Similarly, applying the rule for compounds that consist of metal and non metal. The name of given compound is dinitrogen monoxide.

Conclusion

The covalent compounds on the basis of given representations are $\text{Nitrogen}-14$, ${\text{CCl}}_4$, ${\text{CO}}_3{}^{2-}$, ${\text{N}}_2{\text{O}}_4$, ${\text{N}}_2\text{O}$, and Carbon $-14$ and the ionic compounds are Barium sulfate $({\text{BaSO}}_4)$, and Sodium chloride $\left(\text{NaCl}\right)$.

The compound that shows ionic character as well as covalent bonding is nitric acid. From the given representations no two compounds have same empirical formula.

The names of the given representations are Carbon tetrachloride, dinitrogen tetroxide, and dinitrogen monoxide