Chapter 19.8, Problem 19.16P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The type of enzyme regulation in which an enzyme becomes overactive during a disease has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Enzyme:

• It is a protein or a molecule which can act as a catalyst for a biological reaction.
• Does not affect the equilibrium point of the reaction.
• Active site of the enzyme is the region where the reaction takes place.
• Enzyme’s activity can be specific which means the activity is limited to a certain substrate and a certain type of reaction and it is referred to as specificity of the enzyme.

Enzyme inhibitors: The substance which slows or stops the action of an enzyme is called enzyme inhibitors.

It can be used as drugs and an example is AZT which is used to treat HIV.

The competition of an enzyme can be reversible or irreversible and in reversible inhibition, the inhibitor can leave and in irreversible inhibition, the inhibitor remains permanently bound.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The type of enzyme regulation in which an enzyme is needed only when there is low blood glucose has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Enzyme:

• It is a protein or a molecule which can act as a catalyst for a biological reaction.
• Does not affect the equilibrium point of the reaction.
• Active site of the enzyme is the region where the reaction takes place.
• Enzyme’s activity can be specific which means the activity is limited to a certain substrate and a certain type of reaction and it is referred to as specificity of the enzyme.

Feedback control: The pathways which are dependent on a series of consecutive reactions in which the product of one reaction is the reactant for the next and these pathways are subjected to feedback control, which occurs when the result of a process feeds information back to affect the beginning process.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The type of enzyme regulation in which an enzyme that springs into action when a traumatic injury occurs has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Enzyme:

• It is a protein or a molecule which can act as a catalyst for a biological reaction.
• Does not affect the equilibrium point of the reaction.
• Active site of the enzyme is the region where the reaction takes place.
• Enzyme’s activity can be specific which means the activity is limited to a certain substrate and a certain type of reaction and it is referred to as specificity of the enzyme.

Enzyme regulation:

Some enzymes can destroy the organ in which they are produced and they are often synthesized as proenzymes or zymogens.

Enzyme regulation by covalent modification can be done by two methods and one is through removal of a covalently bonded portion of an enzyme or addition of a group.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The type of enzyme regulation in which an enzyme is needed only during adolescence has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Enzyme:

• It is a protein or a molecule which can act as a catalyst for a biological reaction.
• Does not affect the equilibrium point of the reaction.
• Active site of the enzyme is the region where the reaction takes place.
• Enzyme’s activity can be specific which means the activity is limited to a certain substrate and a certain type of reaction and it is referred to as specificity of the enzyme.

Enzyme regulation by genetic control:

It is a type of control by which regulation of enzyme activity is done by the control of the synthesis of enzymes.