The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures. Concept introduction: Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction. Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism. Condensation reaction : The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst. Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule. Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide. LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols. Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes , alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated. Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne . Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group ) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon. Friedel-Crafts alkylation : This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated ( R − C O − C H 3 ) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst ( A l C l 3 ) or anhydrous F e C l 3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms. To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

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Question

Chapter 19, Problem 73PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

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There is an instrument in Johnson 334 that measures total-reflectance x-ray fluorescence (TXRF) to do elemental analysis (i.e., determine what elements are present in a sample). A researcher is preparing a to measure calcium content in a series of well water samples by TXRF with an internal standard of vanadium (atomic symbol: V). She has prepared a series of standard solutions to ensure a linear instrument response over the expected Ca concentration range of 40-80 ppm. The concentrations of Ca and V (ppm) and the instrument response (peak area, arbitrary units) are shown below. Also included is a sample spectrum. Equation 1 describes the response factor, K, relating the analyte signal (SA) and the standard signal (SIS) to their respective concentrations (CA and CIS). Ca, ppm V, ppm SCa, arb. units SV, arb. units 20.0 10.0 14375.11 14261.02 40.0 10.0 36182.15 17997.10 60.0 10.0 39275.74 12988.01 80.0 10.0 57530.75 14268.54 100.0…

A mixture of 0.568 M H₂O, 0.438 M Cl₂O, and 0.710 M HClO are enclosed in a vessel at 25 °C. H₂O(g) + C₁₂O(g) = 2 HOCl(g) K = 0.0900 at 25°C с Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of each gas at 25 °C. [H₂O]= [C₁₂O]= [HOCI]= M Σ M

What units (if any) does the response factor (K) have? Does the response factor (K) depend upon how the concentration is expressed (e.g. molarity, ppm, ppb, etc.)?

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 73PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

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Question

Chapter 19, Problem 73PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 73PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 5

Chapter 19, Problem 73PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

Answer 6

Chapter 19, Problem 73PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

Answer 7

Chapter 19, Problem 73PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

Answer 14

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

Answer 15

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

Answer 16

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

Answer 17

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

Answer 18

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

Answer 19

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

Answer 20

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

Answer 21

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The efficient synthesis of target molecule transformation should be draw and identified for the given starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Condensation reaction: The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids; it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( -CHO ) or ketone ( -C=O ) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a π- conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of H-X becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation: This reaction electrophilic aromatic substitutions allows the synthesis of monoacylated (R−CO−CH3) products from the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides (or) anhydrides. The obtained products are deactivated and go not undergo a second substitution place. (or) This type of reaction involves of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using strong Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl3) or anhydrous FeCl3 as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chlorine atoms.

To identify: The given synthetic route to accomplish the target molecule transformation.

Answer 22

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Answer 23

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Answer 24

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Answer 25

Ch. 19.2 - Prob. 1LTS Ch. 19.2 - Prob. 1PTS Ch. 19.2 - Prob. 2PTS Ch. 19.2 - APPLY the skill Compounds with two ketone groups...Ch. 19.2 - Prob. 4ATS Ch. 19.3 - Prob. 5CC Ch. 19.4 - Prob. 6CC Ch. 19.5 - Prob. 7CC Ch. 19.5 - Prob. 2LTS Ch. 19.5 - Prob. 8PTS

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Chapter 19 Solutions