Chapter 19, Problem 63P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism is to be drawn for the given two transformations; explain why these new products are favorable under these conditions.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron, which makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

Nucleophilic addition to a carbonyl compound is one of the largest reaction known. The double bond which is conjugated to carbonyl group, is responsible for transmitting the electrophilic character of carbonyl carbon to the beta carbon of double bond.

The nucleophile adds to the carbon that is in the first position.

The addition to carbonyl carbon is of two steps: attack of the nucleophile and then protonation of the anion that is formed.