Interpretation:
From the given compounds, the four
Concept introduction:
Electrophiles are electron deficient species that has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron-rich species that has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.
Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron, which makes it highly chemically reactive.
Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.
Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.
Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
A carbon-carbon bond formation occurs by aldol addition and aldol condensation reaction.
Aldol reaction is preferred in basic conditions over acidic conditions as after the aldol condensation, acid catalysis promotes the reaction further.
An aldol reaction takes place by acid catalysis, and direct dehydration of
A
A chemical reaction that is catalyzed by a base is called base catalyzed reaction.
An aldol reaction takes place in a protic solvent with a base.
Dehydration of aldol addition product leads to the formation of conjugated
A reaction between two different carbonyl compounds known as a crossed aldol reaction.
A crossed aldol reaction forms mixture of products by pairing different carbonyl reactants.
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Chapter 19 Solutions
Organic Chemistry, 12e Study Guide/Student Solutions Manual
- Draw the products formed when p-methylaniline (p-CH3C6H4NH2) istreated with following reagent. CH3COClarrow_forwardRank the following compounds in order of increasing reactivity toward nucleophilic attack.arrow_forwardRank the following compounds in order of increasing reactivity towards nucleophilic attack.arrow_forward
- Draw the structure for the product formed in each of step of the following synthetic sequencesarrow_forwardRank the following compounds in order of increasing reactivity in nucleophilic acyl substitution.arrow_forward1. Each of the following compounds can be prepared by a mixed aldol condensation reaction. Give the structures of the aldehyde and/or ketone precursors for each aldol product shown. soarrow_forward
- 2-Pentylcinnamaldehyde, commonly called osal, is a perfume ingredient with a jasmine-like odor. Flosal is an α,βunsaturated aldehyde made by a crossed aldol reaction between benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO) and heptanal (CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CHO), followed by dehydration. Draw a stepwise mechanism for the following reaction that prepares osal.arrow_forwardDraw the major product X when the given aldehyde is treated with ethylene glycol in acid.arrow_forwardChemistry Questionarrow_forward
- Identify the lettered compounds in each reaction sequence.Draw the product formed when phenylacetonitrile (C6H5CH2CN) istreated with below reagent. [1] CH3MgBr; [2] H2Oarrow_forwardExplain Alkylation of a Diethyl Malonate Derivative ?arrow_forwardDraw a stepwise mechanism for the following variation of the aldol reaction, often called a nitro aldol reaction.arrow_forward
- Organic Chemistry: A Guided InquiryChemistryISBN:9780618974122Author:Andrei StraumanisPublisher:Cengage Learning