Essential Cell Biology (Fourth Edition)
Essential Cell Biology (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780815345251
Author: Bruce Alberts, Dennis Bray, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 19, Problem 5Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “The nucleotide in that SNP at that position is unstable and mutates with age” is correct or not.

Concept introduction: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the common inherited variation in which there will be a difference in a single nucleotide. It takes place in a high frequency about once per 1000 nucleotide bases. SNPs are mostly found in the non-coding region in which there will be no alteration of genes. Some SNPs are also present in the coding regions that can modify the protein made by that coding region, which can cause certain health problems. SNPs can be of two types based on their presence in the genome—synonymous (takes place when there is no change in the amino acids) and non-synonymous (takes place when there is an alteration in amino acids). The SNPs that are detected by oligonucleotide hybridization or by sequencing can act as markers to locate the genes that are related to cause certain diseases.

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “Those people born more than 50 years ago came from a population that tended to lack the disappearing SNP variants” is correct or not.

Concept introduction: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the common inherited variation in which there will be a difference in a single nucleotide. It takes place in a high frequency about once per 1000 nucleotide bases. SNPs are mostly found in the non-coding region in which there will be no alteration of genes. Some SNPs are also present in the coding regions that can modify the protein made by that coding region, which can cause certain health problems. SNPs can be of two types based on their presence in the genome—synonymous (takes place when there is no change in the amino acids) and non-synonymous (takes place when there is an alteration in amino acids). The SNPs that are detected by oligonucleotide hybridization or by sequencing can act as markers to locate the genes that are related to cause certain diseases.

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “The SNP variant alters an important gene product in a way that shortens the human life span or is linked to a neighboring allele that has this effect” is correct or not.

Concept introduction: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the common inherited variation in which there will be a difference in a single nucleotide. It takes place in a high frequency about once per 1000 nucleotide bases. SNPs are mostly found in the non-coding region in which there will be no alteration of genes. Some SNPs are also present in the coding regions that can modify the protein made by that coding region, which can cause certain health problems. SNPs can be of two types based on their presence in the genome—synonymous (takes place when there is no change in the amino acids) and non-synonymous (takes place when there is an alteration in amino acids). The SNPs that are detected by oligonucleotide hybridization or by sequencing can act as markers to locate the genes that are related to cause certain diseases.

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A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation?   The cell membranes are more resistant than normal.   An isotonic solution had been added instead of water.   A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water.   Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet.   The man had sickle-cell anaemia.
A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation?   The cell membranes are more resistant than normal.   An isotonic solution had been added instead of water.   A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water.   Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet.   The man had sickle-cell anaemia.
With reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobin
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