Concept explainers
What type of cells would develop if you injected embryos with a reagent that blocked the FGF receptor, thus preventing its signaling? What about with a reagent that turned on the FGF receptor, thereby causing it to be always on?
To determine: The cells that would develop even after blocking FGF receptor and the effect on persistently active FGF receptor.
Introduction: Colony-stimulating factors (CSF) are the molecules that are a combination of polysaccharide and protein; thus, called glycoproteins. These are the factors that help in stimulating the production, proliferation and differentiation of various types of blood cells in the body.
Explanation of Solution
The different cells of the body undergo diverse cell fate due to molecule signalling and decision-making. The FGF (fibroblast growth factor) receptor is important protein receptor that regulates the growth of fibroblasts. The cells that will keep on dividing and differentiating after adding a reagent that blocks FGF receptor are the muscle precursor cells and nerve cord precursor cells. This is because the muscle precursor cells and nerve cord precursor cells do not have FGF receptor, and therefore its blocking willnot affect its functioning. On adding a reagent that persistently activates FGF receptor or over activates it can result in the various pathological conditions like unregulated cell growth, tumour genesis, and skeletal abnormalities like achondroplasia and craniosynostosis.
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Chapter 19 Solutions
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- Use the SGF-signaling pathway image as a reference, to answer the following questions. Use the data provided to EXPLAIN if the cell will get to the response step or not. Keep in mind the purpose of this pathway is to cause skin cell division Growth Factor (GF-signal) Activation of GF Receptor (RTK-receptor) To cause Cell proliferation/cell division (Response) Plasma membrane Ras GEF ladapter) MAPIKK Mek MAPIK MAPK You have a skin cell that inject SGF protein directly into the cytoplasm but you do NOT put SGF in the media (the liquid the cell needs to live).arrow_forwardYou are studying the role of CAMP in cell signaling. You hypothesize that 2 intracellular signaling proteins, named GO and TIGERS, interact with each other when cells are treated with an extracellular source of CAMP. The two proteins were tagged with CFP or YFP (CFP = cyan fluorescent protein; YFP = yellow fluorescent protein). CFP is excited by 435 nm light and emits lights at 480 nm. YFP is excited by 480 nm light and emits light at 535 nm. 400 500 Wavelength of Emitted Light 400 500 Wavelength of Emitted Light 600 600 Fluorescence 400 400 500 Wavelength of Emitted Light 600 500 Wavelength of Emitted Light 600 Fluorescence Intensity 400 500 Wavelength of Emitted Light 600 Figure Legend. A. Cells expressing GO-CFP irradiate with 435 nm light. B. Cells expressing TIGERS-YFP and irradiated with 435 nm light. C. Cells expressing TIGERS- YFP and irradiated with 480 nm light. D. Cells expressing GO-CFP and TIGERS-YFP and irradiated with 435 nm light. E. Cells expressing GO-CFP and…arrow_forwardRAS is a signal transducer that acts as a switch for turning on cell division. Drag the descriptions below to their proper places on the figure to show the sequence of events. When growth factor binds to the receptor, the intracellular domain activates RAS by facilitating exchange of GDP for GTP. When no growth factor is bound to the extracellular receptor, RAS is bound to GDP and is inactive. RAS activates the first of three sequential kinase proteins termed the MAP kinase cascade. Cell proliferation proceeds as the machinery for cell division is set in motion. The end result of the MAP kinase cascade is activation of a transcription factor. Receptor 1 Ras GDP 2 4 5 Growth factor Ras GTParrow_forward
- What types of global regulatory mechanisms might a cell use to control the changes in gene expression that occur during attachment? How will the cell sense that it is attached and what ways does it have to turn genes on or off to take advantage of the situation? Give examples to illustrate your point.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements are correct about cell signaling and proliferation in normal cells? more than one answer A. Cells require growth factors from other cells to proliferate B. Growth Factors must enter cell to signal cell growth C. Growth Factor Receptors can be oncogenes D. Protein Growth Factors can be Oncogenes E. Staurosporine is a potent inhibitor of Ser/Thr kinases and would be expected to inhibit Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor signalingarrow_forwardWhat is this survival signal?arrow_forward
- Diagram (just use arrows in the same way you diagrammed in a former test a stimulus leading to the activation of PKC, for example) in as much detail as possible what happens to a mammalian cell when it is irradiated, leading to when the cycle stops due to DNA damage. Include and name the famous mammalian checkpoint protein known by its molecular weight, as well as name another protein it activates. This other protein's function can be described by a 3 letter acronym that contains the letter K. Mention the acronym. 1.arrow_forwardHow does PDGF play a role in wound healing? Know the experiment done to show the need for PDGF for cell proliferation/wound healing.arrow_forwardIt is important for the cell to be able to terminate responses, and diminish responsiveness to prevent overstimulation. Cells have different mechanisms for this. One such mechanism is receptor down regulation. a.) Down regulation describes a decrease in the availability of hormones or neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on the surface of target cells, making the cells less likely to be stimulated. b.) Down regulation describes glycosylation of receptor proteins receptors on the surface of target cells in order to decrease the selectivity of ligand binding, making the cells less sensitive to a hormone or neurotransmitter. c.) Down regulation describes a decrease in the number of receptors on the surface of target cells, making the cells less sensitive to a hormone or neurotransmitter.arrow_forward
- The transforming growth factory beta (TGF-b) family of hormones / growth factors are dimers and they interact with specific receptors. Which of the following statements about these receptors is correct? a) A receptor complex is formed from a type 1 and a type 2 receptor b) A receptor complex is formed between the ligand and the receptor c) This family interacts with a single serine- threonine kinase receptor d) The major receptor is intracellular e) The receptor is a G-protein receptorarrow_forwardWhich of the following modifications of the Epithelial Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) would be proliferative of epithelial cells? multiple answers A. Mutation of active site residue responsible for tyrosine phosphorylation. B. Deletion of extracellular ectodomain C. Mutation in ectodomain that prevents binding of EGF D. Cell expresses EGF E. Mutation in promoter that increases expression of EGF receptor F. Dimerization of receptor without growth factor G. Mutation in EGFR promoter that decreases expression of receptorarrow_forwardBased on data, which aptamer would consider to be the primary receptor for the FGF5 ligand? Explain your answer.arrow_forward
- Biology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax