Design an experiment for measuring the activity of sulfuroxidizing bacteria in soil. If only certain species of the sulfur oxidizers present were metabolically active, how could you tell this? How would you prove that your activity measurement was due to biological activity?

Question

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 19, Problem 1AQ

Design an experiment for measuring the activity of sulfuroxidizing bacteria in soil. If only certain species of the sulfur oxidizers present were metabolically active, how could you tell this? How would you prove that your activity measurement was due to biological activity?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To discuss:

Design an experiment to measure the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. How to detect, if only certain sulfur oxidizing species present were metabolically active. How to prove the activity measurement was because of biological activity.

Introduction:

Sulfur oxidizing bacteria (for example, Thiobacillus, Thermothrix,Sulfolobus, and Thiothrix) can convert hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) into sulfate (SO₄²) or other forms of sulfur. They can grow in various environments, for example, soil and water. MAR-FISH is a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) combined with microautoradiography (MAR). MAR-FISH can simultaneously identify microorganisms and their metabolic property.

Explanation of Solution

An experiment to measure sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from soil:

Isolate Thiobacillus species (gram-negative bacteria) from sulfide rich soil (for example, paddy field) followed by serial dilution in water.
Add 5 ml water containing sample (bacteria) to 50 ml thiosulfate mineral salts medium (thiosulfate MSM).
Incubate the medium at 30°C for 7 days. The formation of turbidity and reduced pH of the thiosulfate MSM medium indicates the bacterial growth.
Further streak plate method (onto the solid medium of thiosulfate MSM) can be used to isolate the pure culture of Thiobacilli.
Incubate the petri plate at 30°C for 7 days.
Screen the purified culture of Thiobacilli in the MSM consisting of Na2S but not of Na₂S₂O₃.
The sulfide medium used for the growth of bacteria is the sole source of energy.
Further, Thiobacillus can be confirmed by gram-staining.
Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, such as Thiobacillus species can be used to study.

To measure the activity of sulfur oxidizing bacteria in the soil, the radioisotope H₂³⁵S should be used. The soil should be incubated with radioisotope (H₂³⁵S) to know whether the sulfide oxidation occurred or not. After incubation, the presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- should be analyzed to prove the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. The presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- proves that the sulfide oxidation has occurred in the test. To prove that the oxidation occurred due to biological activity, sterile the soil (medium) before the addition of labeled H₂S. This is used as a control in this experiment. If the oxidation activity observed in the experiment is biological, it should be absent in the control. The MAR-FISH can be used to identify the presence of metabolically active bacteria in the soil.

MAR-FISH (microautoradiography- fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique is used to evaluate the microbial identification (phylogeny) with measurement of metabolic activities. MAR-FISH is used to assess the metabolism of a specific radiolabeled substance by microorganisms in the natural sample and also help to identify those particular microorganisms. Therefore, MAR-FISH can be used to identify the metabolism of radioisotope H₂³⁵S by microorganisms in this experiment.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Students have asked these similar questions

The diagram below illustrates a quorum sensing pathway from Staphylococcus aureus. Please answer the following questions. 1. Autoinduction is part of the quorum sensing system. Which promoter (P2 or P3) is critical for autoinduction? 2)This staphylococcus aureus grows on human wounds, causing severe infections. You would like to start a clinical trial to treat these wound infections. Please describe: a) What molecule do you recommend for the trial. Why? b) Your trial requires that Staphylococcus aureus be isolated from the wound and submitted to genome sequencing before admittance. Why? What are you testing for? 3) If a mutation arises where the Promoter P3 is constitutively active, how would that influence sensitivity to AIP? Please explain your rationale. 4) This pathway is sensitive to bacterial cell density. Describe two separate mutation that would render the pathway active independent of cell density. Briefly explain your rationale. Mutation 1 Mutation 2

There is currently a H5N1 cattle outbreak in North America. According to the CDC on Feb 26*: "A multistate outbreak of HPAI A(H5N1) bird flu in dairy cows was first reported on March 25, 2024. This is the first time that these bird flu viruses had been found in cows. In the United States, since 2022, USDA has reported HPAI A(H5N1) virus detections in more than 200 mammals." List and describe two mechanisms that could lead to this H5N1 influenza strain evolving to spread in human: Mechanisms 1: Mechanisms 2: For the mutations to results in a human epidered they would need to change how the virus interacts with the human host. In the case of mutations that may promote an epidemic, provide an example for: a protein that might incur a mutation: how the mutation would change interactions with cells in the respiratory tract (name the receptor on human cells) List two phenotypic consequence from this mutation that would increase human risk

You have a bacterial strain with the CMU operon: a) As shown in the image below, the cmu operon encodes a peptide (Pep1), as well as a kinase and regulator corresponding to a two-component system. The cmu operon is activated when Pep 1 is added to the growth media. Pep1 is a peptide that when added extracellularly leads to activation of the Cmu operon. Pep1 cmu-kinase cmu-regulator You also have these genetic components in other strains: b) An alternative sigma factor, with a promoter activated by the cmu-regulator, that control a series of multiple operons that together encode a transformasome (cellular machinery for transformation). c) the gene cl (a repressor). d) the promoter X, which includes a cl binding site (and in the absence of cl is active). e) the gene gp (encoding a green fluorescence protein). Using the cmu operon as a starting point, and assuming you can perform cloning to rearrange any of these genomic features, how would you use one or more of these to modify the…

Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 19, Problem 1AQ

Design an experiment for measuring the activity of sulfuroxidizing bacteria in soil. If only certain species of the sulfur oxidizers present were metabolically active, how could you tell this? How would you prove that your activity measurement was due to biological activity?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To discuss:

Design an experiment to measure the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. How to detect, if only certain sulfur oxidizing species present were metabolically active. How to prove the activity measurement was because of biological activity.

Introduction:

Sulfur oxidizing bacteria (for example, Thiobacillus, Thermothrix,Sulfolobus, and Thiothrix) can convert hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) into sulfate (SO₄²) or other forms of sulfur. They can grow in various environments, for example, soil and water. MAR-FISH is a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) combined with microautoradiography (MAR). MAR-FISH can simultaneously identify microorganisms and their metabolic property.

Explanation of Solution

An experiment to measure sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from soil:

Isolate Thiobacillus species (gram-negative bacteria) from sulfide rich soil (for example, paddy field) followed by serial dilution in water.
Add 5 ml water containing sample (bacteria) to 50 ml thiosulfate mineral salts medium (thiosulfate MSM).
Incubate the medium at 30°C for 7 days. The formation of turbidity and reduced pH of the thiosulfate MSM medium indicates the bacterial growth.
Further streak plate method (onto the solid medium of thiosulfate MSM) can be used to isolate the pure culture of Thiobacilli.
Incubate the petri plate at 30°C for 7 days.
Screen the purified culture of Thiobacilli in the MSM consisting of Na2S but not of Na₂S₂O₃.
The sulfide medium used for the growth of bacteria is the sole source of energy.
Further, Thiobacillus can be confirmed by gram-staining.
Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, such as Thiobacillus species can be used to study.

To measure the activity of sulfur oxidizing bacteria in the soil, the radioisotope H₂³⁵S should be used. The soil should be incubated with radioisotope (H₂³⁵S) to know whether the sulfide oxidation occurred or not. After incubation, the presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- should be analyzed to prove the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. The presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- proves that the sulfide oxidation has occurred in the test. To prove that the oxidation occurred due to biological activity, sterile the soil (medium) before the addition of labeled H₂S. This is used as a control in this experiment. If the oxidation activity observed in the experiment is biological, it should be absent in the control. The MAR-FISH can be used to identify the presence of metabolically active bacteria in the soil.

MAR-FISH (microautoradiography- fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique is used to evaluate the microbial identification (phylogeny) with measurement of metabolic activities. MAR-FISH is used to assess the metabolism of a specific radiolabeled substance by microorganisms in the natural sample and also help to identify those particular microorganisms. Therefore, MAR-FISH can be used to identify the metabolism of radioisotope H₂³⁵S by microorganisms in this experiment.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 19, Problem 1AQ

Design an experiment for measuring the activity of sulfuroxidizing bacteria in soil. If only certain species of the sulfur oxidizers present were metabolically active, how could you tell this? How would you prove that your activity measurement was due to biological activity?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To discuss:

Design an experiment to measure the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. How to detect, if only certain sulfur oxidizing species present were metabolically active. How to prove the activity measurement was because of biological activity.

Introduction:

Sulfur oxidizing bacteria (for example, Thiobacillus, Thermothrix,Sulfolobus, and Thiothrix) can convert hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) into sulfate (SO₄²) or other forms of sulfur. They can grow in various environments, for example, soil and water. MAR-FISH is a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) combined with microautoradiography (MAR). MAR-FISH can simultaneously identify microorganisms and their metabolic property.

Explanation of Solution

An experiment to measure sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from soil:

Isolate Thiobacillus species (gram-negative bacteria) from sulfide rich soil (for example, paddy field) followed by serial dilution in water.
Add 5 ml water containing sample (bacteria) to 50 ml thiosulfate mineral salts medium (thiosulfate MSM).
Incubate the medium at 30°C for 7 days. The formation of turbidity and reduced pH of the thiosulfate MSM medium indicates the bacterial growth.
Further streak plate method (onto the solid medium of thiosulfate MSM) can be used to isolate the pure culture of Thiobacilli.
Incubate the petri plate at 30°C for 7 days.
Screen the purified culture of Thiobacilli in the MSM consisting of Na2S but not of Na₂S₂O₃.
The sulfide medium used for the growth of bacteria is the sole source of energy.
Further, Thiobacillus can be confirmed by gram-staining.
Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, such as Thiobacillus species can be used to study.

To measure the activity of sulfur oxidizing bacteria in the soil, the radioisotope H₂³⁵S should be used. The soil should be incubated with radioisotope (H₂³⁵S) to know whether the sulfide oxidation occurred or not. After incubation, the presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- should be analyzed to prove the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. The presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- proves that the sulfide oxidation has occurred in the test. To prove that the oxidation occurred due to biological activity, sterile the soil (medium) before the addition of labeled H₂S. This is used as a control in this experiment. If the oxidation activity observed in the experiment is biological, it should be absent in the control. The MAR-FISH can be used to identify the presence of metabolically active bacteria in the soil.

MAR-FISH (microautoradiography- fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique is used to evaluate the microbial identification (phylogeny) with measurement of metabolic activities. MAR-FISH is used to assess the metabolism of a specific radiolabeled substance by microorganisms in the natural sample and also help to identify those particular microorganisms. Therefore, MAR-FISH can be used to identify the metabolism of radioisotope H₂³⁵S by microorganisms in this experiment.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 19, Problem 1AQ

Design an experiment for measuring the activity of sulfuroxidizing bacteria in soil. If only certain species of the sulfur oxidizers present were metabolically active, how could you tell this? How would you prove that your activity measurement was due to biological activity?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To discuss:

Design an experiment to measure the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. How to detect, if only certain sulfur oxidizing species present were metabolically active. How to prove the activity measurement was because of biological activity.

Introduction:

Sulfur oxidizing bacteria (for example, Thiobacillus, Thermothrix,Sulfolobus, and Thiothrix) can convert hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) into sulfate (SO₄²) or other forms of sulfur. They can grow in various environments, for example, soil and water. MAR-FISH is a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) combined with microautoradiography (MAR). MAR-FISH can simultaneously identify microorganisms and their metabolic property.

Explanation of Solution

An experiment to measure sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from soil:

Isolate Thiobacillus species (gram-negative bacteria) from sulfide rich soil (for example, paddy field) followed by serial dilution in water.
Add 5 ml water containing sample (bacteria) to 50 ml thiosulfate mineral salts medium (thiosulfate MSM).
Incubate the medium at 30°C for 7 days. The formation of turbidity and reduced pH of the thiosulfate MSM medium indicates the bacterial growth.
Further streak plate method (onto the solid medium of thiosulfate MSM) can be used to isolate the pure culture of Thiobacilli.
Incubate the petri plate at 30°C for 7 days.
Screen the purified culture of Thiobacilli in the MSM consisting of Na2S but not of Na₂S₂O₃.
The sulfide medium used for the growth of bacteria is the sole source of energy.
Further, Thiobacillus can be confirmed by gram-staining.
Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, such as Thiobacillus species can be used to study.

To measure the activity of sulfur oxidizing bacteria in the soil, the radioisotope H₂³⁵S should be used. The soil should be incubated with radioisotope (H₂³⁵S) to know whether the sulfide oxidation occurred or not. After incubation, the presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- should be analyzed to prove the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. The presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- proves that the sulfide oxidation has occurred in the test. To prove that the oxidation occurred due to biological activity, sterile the soil (medium) before the addition of labeled H₂S. This is used as a control in this experiment. If the oxidation activity observed in the experiment is biological, it should be absent in the control. The MAR-FISH can be used to identify the presence of metabolically active bacteria in the soil.

MAR-FISH (microautoradiography- fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique is used to evaluate the microbial identification (phylogeny) with measurement of metabolic activities. MAR-FISH is used to assess the metabolism of a specific radiolabeled substance by microorganisms in the natural sample and also help to identify those particular microorganisms. Therefore, MAR-FISH can be used to identify the metabolism of radioisotope H₂³⁵S by microorganisms in this experiment.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To discuss:

Design an experiment to measure the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. How to detect, if only certain sulfur oxidizing species present were metabolically active. How to prove the activity measurement was because of biological activity.

Introduction:

Sulfur oxidizing bacteria (for example, Thiobacillus, Thermothrix,Sulfolobus, and Thiothrix) can convert hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) into sulfate (SO₄²) or other forms of sulfur. They can grow in various environments, for example, soil and water. MAR-FISH is a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) combined with microautoradiography (MAR). MAR-FISH can simultaneously identify microorganisms and their metabolic property.

Explanation of Solution

An experiment to measure sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from soil:

Isolate Thiobacillus species (gram-negative bacteria) from sulfide rich soil (for example, paddy field) followed by serial dilution in water.
Add 5 ml water containing sample (bacteria) to 50 ml thiosulfate mineral salts medium (thiosulfate MSM).
Incubate the medium at 30°C for 7 days. The formation of turbidity and reduced pH of the thiosulfate MSM medium indicates the bacterial growth.
Further streak plate method (onto the solid medium of thiosulfate MSM) can be used to isolate the pure culture of Thiobacilli.
Incubate the petri plate at 30°C for 7 days.
Screen the purified culture of Thiobacilli in the MSM consisting of Na2S but not of Na₂S₂O₃.
The sulfide medium used for the growth of bacteria is the sole source of energy.
Further, Thiobacillus can be confirmed by gram-staining.
Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, such as Thiobacillus species can be used to study.

To measure the activity of sulfur oxidizing bacteria in the soil, the radioisotope H₂³⁵S should be used. The soil should be incubated with radioisotope (H₂³⁵S) to know whether the sulfide oxidation occurred or not. After incubation, the presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- should be analyzed to prove the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. The presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- proves that the sulfide oxidation has occurred in the test. To prove that the oxidation occurred due to biological activity, sterile the soil (medium) before the addition of labeled H₂S. This is used as a control in this experiment. If the oxidation activity observed in the experiment is biological, it should be absent in the control. The MAR-FISH can be used to identify the presence of metabolically active bacteria in the soil.

MAR-FISH (microautoradiography- fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique is used to evaluate the microbial identification (phylogeny) with measurement of metabolic activities. MAR-FISH is used to assess the metabolism of a specific radiolabeled substance by microorganisms in the natural sample and also help to identify those particular microorganisms. Therefore, MAR-FISH can be used to identify the metabolism of radioisotope H₂³⁵S by microorganisms in this experiment.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To discuss:

Design an experiment to measure the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. How to detect, if only certain sulfur oxidizing species present were metabolically active. How to prove the activity measurement was because of biological activity.

Introduction:

Sulfur oxidizing bacteria (for example, Thiobacillus, Thermothrix,Sulfolobus, and Thiothrix) can convert hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) into sulfate (SO₄²) or other forms of sulfur. They can grow in various environments, for example, soil and water. MAR-FISH is a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) combined with microautoradiography (MAR). MAR-FISH can simultaneously identify microorganisms and their metabolic property.

Explanation of Solution

An experiment to measure sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from soil:

Isolate Thiobacillus species (gram-negative bacteria) from sulfide rich soil (for example, paddy field) followed by serial dilution in water.
Add 5 ml water containing sample (bacteria) to 50 ml thiosulfate mineral salts medium (thiosulfate MSM).
Incubate the medium at 30°C for 7 days. The formation of turbidity and reduced pH of the thiosulfate MSM medium indicates the bacterial growth.
Further streak plate method (onto the solid medium of thiosulfate MSM) can be used to isolate the pure culture of Thiobacilli.
Incubate the petri plate at 30°C for 7 days.
Screen the purified culture of Thiobacilli in the MSM consisting of Na2S but not of Na₂S₂O₃.
The sulfide medium used for the growth of bacteria is the sole source of energy.
Further, Thiobacillus can be confirmed by gram-staining.
Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, such as Thiobacillus species can be used to study.

To measure the activity of sulfur oxidizing bacteria in the soil, the radioisotope H₂³⁵S should be used. The soil should be incubated with radioisotope (H₂³⁵S) to know whether the sulfide oxidation occurred or not. After incubation, the presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- should be analyzed to prove the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. The presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- proves that the sulfide oxidation has occurred in the test. To prove that the oxidation occurred due to biological activity, sterile the soil (medium) before the addition of labeled H₂S. This is used as a control in this experiment. If the oxidation activity observed in the experiment is biological, it should be absent in the control. The MAR-FISH can be used to identify the presence of metabolically active bacteria in the soil.

MAR-FISH (microautoradiography- fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique is used to evaluate the microbial identification (phylogeny) with measurement of metabolic activities. MAR-FISH is used to assess the metabolism of a specific radiolabeled substance by microorganisms in the natural sample and also help to identify those particular microorganisms. Therefore, MAR-FISH can be used to identify the metabolism of radioisotope H₂³⁵S by microorganisms in this experiment.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Summary Introduction

To discuss:

Design an experiment to measure the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. How to detect, if only certain sulfur oxidizing species present were metabolically active. How to prove the activity measurement was because of biological activity.

Introduction:

Sulfur oxidizing bacteria (for example, Thiobacillus, Thermothrix,Sulfolobus, and Thiothrix) can convert hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) into sulfate (SO₄²) or other forms of sulfur. They can grow in various environments, for example, soil and water. MAR-FISH is a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) combined with microautoradiography (MAR). MAR-FISH can simultaneously identify microorganisms and their metabolic property.

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

An experiment to measure sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from soil:

Isolate Thiobacillus species (gram-negative bacteria) from sulfide rich soil (for example, paddy field) followed by serial dilution in water.
Add 5 ml water containing sample (bacteria) to 50 ml thiosulfate mineral salts medium (thiosulfate MSM).
Incubate the medium at 30°C for 7 days. The formation of turbidity and reduced pH of the thiosulfate MSM medium indicates the bacterial growth.
Further streak plate method (onto the solid medium of thiosulfate MSM) can be used to isolate the pure culture of Thiobacilli.
Incubate the petri plate at 30°C for 7 days.
Screen the purified culture of Thiobacilli in the MSM consisting of Na2S but not of Na₂S₂O₃.
The sulfide medium used for the growth of bacteria is the sole source of energy.
Further, Thiobacillus can be confirmed by gram-staining.
Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, such as Thiobacillus species can be used to study.

To measure the activity of sulfur oxidizing bacteria in the soil, the radioisotope H₂³⁵S should be used. The soil should be incubated with radioisotope (H₂³⁵S) to know whether the sulfide oxidation occurred or not. After incubation, the presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- should be analyzed to prove the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. The presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- proves that the sulfide oxidation has occurred in the test. To prove that the oxidation occurred due to biological activity, sterile the soil (medium) before the addition of labeled H₂S. This is used as a control in this experiment. If the oxidation activity observed in the experiment is biological, it should be absent in the control. The MAR-FISH can be used to identify the presence of metabolically active bacteria in the soil.

MAR-FISH (microautoradiography- fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique is used to evaluate the microbial identification (phylogeny) with measurement of metabolic activities. MAR-FISH is used to assess the metabolism of a specific radiolabeled substance by microorganisms in the natural sample and also help to identify those particular microorganisms. Therefore, MAR-FISH can be used to identify the metabolism of radioisotope H₂³⁵S by microorganisms in this experiment.

Answer 13

Ch. 19.1 - Describe the enrichment strategy behind...Ch. 19.1 - Why is sulfate (So42) added to a Winogradsky...Ch. 19.1 - What is enrichment bias? How does dilution reduce...Ch. 19.1 - Why do the results of a direct enrichment of an...Ch. 19.2 - What is a pure culture and why is obtaining one...Ch. 19.2 - How does the agar dilution method differ from...Ch. 19.2 - What criteria serve to demonstrate that a culture...Ch. 19.3 - How might you isolate a morphologically unique...Ch. 19.3 - What is meant by high-throughput in culturing...Ch. 19.3 - What feature of high-throughput culturing relieves...

Design an experiment for measuring the activity of sulfuroxidizing bacteria in soil. If only certain species of the sulfur oxidizers present were metabolically active, how could you tell this? How would you prove that your activity measurement was due to biological activity?

Videos

Explanation of Solution

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Chapter 19 Solutions