Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: The total number of five-membered rings that are present in the structure of a cholesterol molecule has to be stated.
Concept introduction: The structure of the lipid that is based upon the fused system of rings which includes three identical six-membered rings and only one five-membered ring is known as steroid. The fused ring system of the steroid is known as the steroid nucleus.
A steroid of
(b)
Interpretation: The total number of ester linkages that are present in the structure of a cholesterol molecule has to be stated.
Concept introduction: The structure of the lipid that is based upon the fused system of rings which includes three identical six-membered rings and only one five-membered ring is known as steroid. The fused ring system of the steroid is known as the steroid nucleus.
A steroid of
(c)
Interpretation: The total number of methyl substituents that are present in the structure of a cholesterol molecule has to be stated.
Concept introduction: The structure of the lipid that is based upon the fused system of rings which includes three identical six-membered rings and only one five-membered ring is known as steroid. The fused ring system of the steroid is known as the steroid nucleus.
A steroid of
(d)
Interpretation: The total number of
Concept introduction: The structure of the lipid that is based upon the fused system of rings which includes three identical six-membered rings and only one five-membered ring is known as steroid. The fused ring system of the steroid is known as the steroid nucleus.
A steroid of
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GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP
- Consider the structure of the tripeptide (in its fully protonated form) below. H H H + I || H₂N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-OH 1 I | H CH₂ H CH₂ CH₂ T C=O OH AA1 0=0 || HC-CH3 CH3 AA2 AA3 0=C 1. Give the sequence of the tripeptide using the ONE-LETTER DESIGNATION (UPPERCASE LETTER) with NO spaces and symbols between each letter. 2. How many ionizable groups are there in the tripeptide? Give the numerical value (e.g., 10 not ten). • pH 10: {Choices: -2, -1, 0, +1, +2} 3. Which amino acid residue has one ionizable group left upon forming the tripeptide? {Choices: AA1, AA2, AA3, none, all} 4. Give the net charge of the dominant structure of the tripeptide at the given pH values. The pK, values of the amino acids are given in Table 1. • pH 4: {Choices: -2, -1, 0, +1, +2}arrow_forwardWhat is the net average charge on the predominant form of lysine at pH values of (a) 2.0, (b) 5.0 and (c) 7.0? CLUE: draw the structure of lysine and show its different charged forms; then consider in which pH domains the pKa values for deprotonation/protonation occur.arrow_forwardDraw the structural for the lipid glyceryl tristearate and draw a dotted line about the portion that makes it soluble in nonpolar solvents like cyclohexane. Format BIU ...arrow_forward
- One or more of the compounds shown below will satisfy each of the following statements. Not all compounds may be used; some may be used twice. Put the number(s) in the blank. (1) Found in chitin. (2) An L-saccharide. (3) The first residue attached to asparagine in N-linked glycans. (4) A uronic acid. (5) A ketose. CH,OH CoO COO OH H H H H ОН Н но OH OH H OH H HO OH H NHC- CH, Oso, OH (a) (b) (c) CH,OH CH,OH CH,OH C=0 CHOH C=0 H-C- OH CH,OH но -с-н ČH,OH CH,OH (d) (e)arrow_forwardIn principle, there are many different, chemically diverse ways in which small molecules can be linked to form polymers. For example, the small molecule ethene (CH2=CH2) is used commercially to make the plastic polyethylene (...–CH2–CH2– CH2–CH2–CH2–...). The individual subunits of the three major classes of biological macromolecules, however, are all linked by similar reaction mechanisms, i.e., by condensation reactions that eliminate water. Can you think of any benefits that this chemistry offers and why it might have been selected in evolution?arrow_forwardA) Refer to the figure below, Identify and explain the two types of reactions, and describe what are the importance of these reactions to our bodies. Reaction 1 H Monomer Reaction 2 H H OH + H H H₂O H H₂O OH + H H OH OH + H H₂O H₂O OH OH + H OH OH OH OH B) What are the main chemical interactions that determine and maintain the quaternary structure of proteins. Also, what are the conditions that can alter these interactions? [arrow_forward
- What is the contribution of dilsulfide bonds in proteins?Which groups or side chain participate in these reactions? Discuss with examples in detail.arrow_forwardisomaltose is a disaccharide which can be obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of amylopectin. Deduce the structure of isomaltose from the following data: a. The hydrolysis of 1 mole of isomaltose with acid or alpha-glucosidase yields 2 moles of D- glucose. b. Isomaltose is a reducing sugar c. Isomaltose is oxidized with bromine water to isomaltonic acid. Insomaltonic acid methylation followed by hydrolysis yielded 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-glucose and 2,3,4,5- tetra-O-methyl-D-gluconate acid. d. Isomaltose methylation itself followed by hydrolysis to produce 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl- D-glucose and 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose. Describe according to the four points abovearrow_forwarda. what general category would you place this molecule in of the four categories of biomolecules? b. List 5 functional groups you see in this molecule?arrow_forward
- Olestra has been used in certain snack foods as an alternative to fats and oils. Its structure consists of a sucrose molecule in which all free hydroxyl groups have formed esters with oleic acid (an 18-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid). Olestra molecules have no caloric value because they are exceptionally large and cannot be digested. Draw the structure of olestra. Use R-COOH as an abbreviation for oleic acid.arrow_forwardH OH CH2OH D H ОН H الحزن ОН CH2OH ОН H ОН I Which of the following statements correctly describes this structure? (A) The monomer units are bonded by beta 1-2 glycosidic linkage. B The monomer units are bonded by alpha 1-2 glycosidic linkage. The monomer units are bonded by alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage. The monomer units are bonded by beta 1-4 glycosidic linkage. H CH2OH H ОН H ОН H ОНarrow_forwardMake use of the table below in answering the questions asked: Amino acid pK₁ pK₂ pK, Isoleucine 2.32 9.76 Leucine 2.32 9.74 Lysine 2.16 9.06 10.54 Tyrosine 2.20 9.21 10.46 1. Kindly draw manually the structure of tripeptic ILY at pH 7.00 2. Kindly draw manually the most protonated structure of tripeptide ILYarrow_forward
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