(a) Interpretation: The product of the given reduction reaction including stereochemistry is to be shown. Concept Introduction: The compound NADH is a reducing agent. It is used in the biological reduction reactions. The NADH molecule gets converted to NA D + molecule after reduction. Ketone contains the electrophilic carbonyl carbon center. The hydride ion attacks at the carbonyl carbon which results in the formation of alcohol. Answer: The product of the given reduction reaction including stereochemistry is shown below. Explanation: The enzyme 3-ketobutanoyl thioester reductase catalyzes the reduction of the ketone carbonyl group of the given compound with NADPH to give the R stereoisomer of the product. The compound NADPH provides the hydride ion for the reduction reaction. It attacks the ketone compound in stereospecific manner to form ( R ) − alcohol product only. The product of given reaction including stereochemistry is shown below. Figure 1 Conclusion: The product formed in the given reaction including stereochemistry is shown in Figure 1.

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Answer 1

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C = O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in ketones is placed somewhere in the middle of the molecular structure, which means, the C=O is attached to two alkyl groups or benzene rings. Just like all other homologous series, the naming of ketones is done using a common suffix “-one”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O. Functional group of a ketone

Chapter 19, Problem 19.57AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The product of the given reduction reaction including stereochemistry is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The compound NADH is a reducing agent. It is used in the biological reduction reactions. The NADH molecule gets converted to NAD+ molecule after reduction. Ketone contains the electrophilic carbonyl carbon center. The hydride ion attacks at the carbonyl carbon which results in the formation of alcohol.

Answer:

The product of the given reduction reaction including stereochemistry is shown below.

Explanation:

The enzyme 3-ketobutanoyl thioester reductase catalyzes the reduction of the ketone carbonyl group of the given compound with NADPH to give the R stereoisomer of the product. The compound NADPH provides the hydride ion for the reduction reaction. It attacks the ketone compound in stereospecific manner to form (R)− alcohol product only. The product of given reaction including stereochemistry is shown below.

Figure 1

Conclusion:

The product formed in the given reaction including stereochemistry is shown in Figure 1.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The relative positions of NADPH and the 3−ketobutanoyl thioester molecules in the transition state is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The compound NADH is a reducing agent. It is used in the biological reduction reactions. The NADH molecule gets converted to NAD+ molecule after reduction. Ketone contains an electrophilic carbonyl carbon center. The hydride ion attacks at the carbonyl carbon which results in the formation of alcohol.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The role of the side chain hydroxyl group of tyrosine and serine in this reaction is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

The compound NADH is a reducing agent. It is used in the biological reduction reactions. The NADH molecule gets converted to NAD+ molecule after reduction. Ketone contains an electrophilic carbonyl carbon center. The hydride ion attacks at the carbonyl carbon which results in the formation of alcohol.

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1. Refer to the compounds below to answer the following questions: CO₂Et 0 C. H O O₂N-CH2-C-CH3 0 OEt || 111 A. Indicate all the acidic hydrogens in Compounds I through IV. IV B. Indicate which hydrogens in Compound II are the most acidic. Explain your answer C. Choose the most acidic compound from Compounds I - IV. Explain your choice.

Show how you would accomplish the following transformations. More than one step may be required. ow all reagents and all intermediate structures [one ONLY] A. H Br H CH3 NHz CH3 CH3 B. CH3CH2C-Br CH3CH2C-CN CH3 CH3.

Show how you would accomplish the following transformations. More than one step may be required. now all reagents and all intermediate structures [one ONLY] A. H Br H CH3 NHz CH3 CH3 B. CH3CH2C-Br CH3 CH3CH2C-CN CH3

Answer 2

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C = O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in ketones is placed somewhere in the middle of the molecular structure, which means, the C=O is attached to two alkyl groups or benzene rings. Just like all other homologous series, the naming of ketones is done using a common suffix “-one”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O. Functional group of a ketone

Chapter 19, Problem 19.57AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The product of the given reduction reaction including stereochemistry is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The compound NADH is a reducing agent. It is used in the biological reduction reactions. The NADH molecule gets converted to NAD+ molecule after reduction. Ketone contains the electrophilic carbonyl carbon center. The hydride ion attacks at the carbonyl carbon which results in the formation of alcohol.

Answer:

The product of the given reduction reaction including stereochemistry is shown below.

Explanation:

The enzyme 3-ketobutanoyl thioester reductase catalyzes the reduction of the ketone carbonyl group of the given compound with NADPH to give the R stereoisomer of the product. The compound NADPH provides the hydride ion for the reduction reaction. It attacks the ketone compound in stereospecific manner to form (R)− alcohol product only. The product of given reaction including stereochemistry is shown below.

Figure 1

Conclusion:

The product formed in the given reaction including stereochemistry is shown in Figure 1.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The relative positions of NADPH and the 3−ketobutanoyl thioester molecules in the transition state is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The compound NADH is a reducing agent. It is used in the biological reduction reactions. The NADH molecule gets converted to NAD+ molecule after reduction. Ketone contains an electrophilic carbonyl carbon center. The hydride ion attacks at the carbonyl carbon which results in the formation of alcohol.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The role of the side chain hydroxyl group of tyrosine and serine in this reaction is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

The compound NADH is a reducing agent. It is used in the biological reduction reactions. The NADH molecule gets converted to NAD+ molecule after reduction. Ketone contains an electrophilic carbonyl carbon center. The hydride ion attacks at the carbonyl carbon which results in the formation of alcohol.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C = O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in ketones is placed somewhere in the middle of the molecular structure, which means, the C=O is attached to two alkyl groups or benzene rings. Just like all other homologous series, the naming of ketones is done using a common suffix “-one”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O. Functional group of a ketone

Chapter 19, Problem 19.57AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The product of the given reduction reaction including stereochemistry is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The compound NADH is a reducing agent. It is used in the biological reduction reactions. The NADH molecule gets converted to NAD+ molecule after reduction. Ketone contains the electrophilic carbonyl carbon center. The hydride ion attacks at the carbonyl carbon which results in the formation of alcohol.

Answer:

The product of the given reduction reaction including stereochemistry is shown below.

Explanation:

The enzyme 3-ketobutanoyl thioester reductase catalyzes the reduction of the ketone carbonyl group of the given compound with NADPH to give the R stereoisomer of the product. The compound NADPH provides the hydride ion for the reduction reaction. It attacks the ketone compound in stereospecific manner to form (R)− alcohol product only. The product of given reaction including stereochemistry is shown below.

Figure 1

Conclusion:

The product formed in the given reaction including stereochemistry is shown in Figure 1.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The relative positions of NADPH and the 3−ketobutanoyl thioester molecules in the transition state is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The compound NADH is a reducing agent. It is used in the biological reduction reactions. The NADH molecule gets converted to NAD+ molecule after reduction. Ketone contains an electrophilic carbonyl carbon center. The hydride ion attacks at the carbonyl carbon which results in the formation of alcohol.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The role of the side chain hydroxyl group of tyrosine and serine in this reaction is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

The compound NADH is a reducing agent. It is used in the biological reduction reactions. The NADH molecule gets converted to NAD+ molecule after reduction. Ketone contains an electrophilic carbonyl carbon center. The hydride ion attacks at the carbonyl carbon which results in the formation of alcohol.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C = O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in ketones is placed somewhere in the middle of the molecular structure, which means, the C=O is attached to two alkyl groups or benzene rings. Just like all other homologous series, the naming of ketones is done using a common suffix “-one”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O. Functional group of a ketone

Chapter 19, Problem 19.57AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The product of the given reduction reaction including stereochemistry is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The compound NADH is a reducing agent. It is used in the biological reduction reactions. The NADH molecule gets converted to NAD+ molecule after reduction. Ketone contains the electrophilic carbonyl carbon center. The hydride ion attacks at the carbonyl carbon which results in the formation of alcohol.

Answer:

The product of the given reduction reaction including stereochemistry is shown below.

Explanation:

The enzyme 3-ketobutanoyl thioester reductase catalyzes the reduction of the ketone carbonyl group of the given compound with NADPH to give the R stereoisomer of the product. The compound NADPH provides the hydride ion for the reduction reaction. It attacks the ketone compound in stereospecific manner to form (R)− alcohol product only. The product of given reaction including stereochemistry is shown below.

Figure 1

Conclusion:

The product formed in the given reaction including stereochemistry is shown in Figure 1.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The relative positions of NADPH and the 3−ketobutanoyl thioester molecules in the transition state is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The compound NADH is a reducing agent. It is used in the biological reduction reactions. The NADH molecule gets converted to NAD+ molecule after reduction. Ketone contains an electrophilic carbonyl carbon center. The hydride ion attacks at the carbonyl carbon which results in the formation of alcohol.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The role of the side chain hydroxyl group of tyrosine and serine in this reaction is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

The compound NADH is a reducing agent. It is used in the biological reduction reactions. The NADH molecule gets converted to NAD+ molecule after reduction. Ketone contains an electrophilic carbonyl carbon center. The hydride ion attacks at the carbonyl carbon which results in the formation of alcohol.

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Answer 5

Chapter 19, Problem 19.57AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The product of the given reduction reaction including stereochemistry is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The compound NADH is a reducing agent. It is used in the biological reduction reactions. The NADH molecule gets converted to NAD+ molecule after reduction. Ketone contains the electrophilic carbonyl carbon center. The hydride ion attacks at the carbonyl carbon which results in the formation of alcohol.

Answer:

The product of the given reduction reaction including stereochemistry is shown below.

Explanation:

The enzyme 3-ketobutanoyl thioester reductase catalyzes the reduction of the ketone carbonyl group of the given compound with NADPH to give the R stereoisomer of the product. The compound NADPH provides the hydride ion for the reduction reaction. It attacks the ketone compound in stereospecific manner to form (R)− alcohol product only. The product of given reaction including stereochemistry is shown below.

Figure 1

Conclusion:

The product formed in the given reaction including stereochemistry is shown in Figure 1.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The relative positions of NADPH and the 3−ketobutanoyl thioester molecules in the transition state is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The compound NADH is a reducing agent. It is used in the biological reduction reactions. The NADH molecule gets converted to NAD+ molecule after reduction. Ketone contains an electrophilic carbonyl carbon center. The hydride ion attacks at the carbonyl carbon which results in the formation of alcohol.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The role of the side chain hydroxyl group of tyrosine and serine in this reaction is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

The compound NADH is a reducing agent. It is used in the biological reduction reactions. The NADH molecule gets converted to NAD+ molecule after reduction. Ketone contains an electrophilic carbonyl carbon center. The hydride ion attacks at the carbonyl carbon which results in the formation of alcohol.

Answer 6

Chapter 19, Problem 19.57AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The product of the given reduction reaction including stereochemistry is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The compound NADH is a reducing agent. It is used in the biological reduction reactions. The NADH molecule gets converted to NAD+ molecule after reduction. Ketone contains the electrophilic carbonyl carbon center. The hydride ion attacks at the carbonyl carbon which results in the formation of alcohol.

Answer:

The product of the given reduction reaction including stereochemistry is shown below.

Explanation:

The enzyme 3-ketobutanoyl thioester reductase catalyzes the reduction of the ketone carbonyl group of the given compound with NADPH to give the R stereoisomer of the product. The compound NADPH provides the hydride ion for the reduction reaction. It attacks the ketone compound in stereospecific manner to form (R)− alcohol product only. The product of given reaction including stereochemistry is shown below.

Figure 1

Conclusion:

The product formed in the given reaction including stereochemistry is shown in Figure 1.

Answer 7

Chapter 19, Problem 19.57AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The product of the given reduction reaction including stereochemistry is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The compound NADH is a reducing agent. It is used in the biological reduction reactions. The NADH molecule gets converted to NAD+ molecule after reduction. Ketone contains the electrophilic carbonyl carbon center. The hydride ion attacks at the carbonyl carbon which results in the formation of alcohol.

Answer:

The product of the given reduction reaction including stereochemistry is shown below.

Explanation:

The enzyme 3-ketobutanoyl thioester reductase catalyzes the reduction of the ketone carbonyl group of the given compound with NADPH to give the R stereoisomer of the product. The compound NADPH provides the hydride ion for the reduction reaction. It attacks the ketone compound in stereospecific manner to form (R)− alcohol product only. The product of given reaction including stereochemistry is shown below.

Figure 1

Conclusion:

The product formed in the given reaction including stereochemistry is shown in Figure 1.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The relative positions of NADPH and the 3−ketobutanoyl thioester molecules in the transition state is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The compound NADH is a reducing agent. It is used in the biological reduction reactions. The NADH molecule gets converted to NAD+ molecule after reduction. Ketone contains an electrophilic carbonyl carbon center. The hydride ion attacks at the carbonyl carbon which results in the formation of alcohol.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The relative positions of NADPH and the 3−ketobutanoyl thioester molecules in the transition state is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

The compound NADH is a reducing agent. It is used in the biological reduction reactions. The NADH molecule gets converted to NAD+ molecule after reduction. Ketone contains an electrophilic carbonyl carbon center. The hydride ion attacks at the carbonyl carbon which results in the formation of alcohol.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The role of the side chain hydroxyl group of tyrosine and serine in this reaction is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

The compound NADH is a reducing agent. It is used in the biological reduction reactions. The NADH molecule gets converted to NAD+ molecule after reduction. Ketone contains an electrophilic carbonyl carbon center. The hydride ion attacks at the carbonyl carbon which results in the formation of alcohol.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The role of the side chain hydroxyl group of tyrosine and serine in this reaction is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

The compound NADH is a reducing agent. It is used in the biological reduction reactions. The NADH molecule gets converted to NAD+ molecule after reduction. Ketone contains an electrophilic carbonyl carbon center. The hydride ion attacks at the carbonyl carbon which results in the formation of alcohol.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.1P Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.2P Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.3P Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.4P Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.5P Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.6P Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.7P Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.8P Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.9P Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.10P

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