(a) Interpretation: How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown. Concept introduction: The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C ≡ C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H 2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane . The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes , alkynes , and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones , nitriles, and amides.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 19.55P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

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(a 4 shows scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of extruded actions of packing bed for two capillary columns of different diameters, al 750 (bottom image) and b) 30-μm-i.d. Both columns are packed with the same stationary phase, spherical particles with 1-um diameter. A) When the columns were prepared, the figure shows that the column with the larger diameter has more packing irregularities. Explain this observation. B) Predict what affect this should have on band broadening and discuss your prediction using the van Deemter terms. C) Does this figure support your explanations in application question 33? Explain why or why not and make any changes in your answers in light of this figure. Figure 4 SEM images of sections of packed columns for a) 750 and b) 30-um-i.d. capillary columns.³

fcrip = ↓ bandwidth Il temp 32. What impact (increase, decrease, or no change) does each of the following conditions have on the individual components of the van Deemter equation and consequently, band broadening? Increase temperature Longer column Using a gas mobile phase instead of liquid Smaller particle stationary phase Multiple Paths Diffusion Mass Transfer

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 19.55P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 19.55P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 19.55P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

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Answer 5

Chapter 19, Problem 19.55P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

Answer 6

Chapter 19, Problem 19.55P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

Answer 7

Chapter 19, Problem 19.55P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

How to carry out the given transformation is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The C=C functional group of an alkene or the C≡C functional group of an alkyne can be removed via catalytic hydrogenation. Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction in which H2 adds to a molecule in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. Catalytic hydrogenation readily reduces an alkene or an alkyne to an alkane. The reduction of an alkyne to an alkene via catalytic hydrogenation favors production of the cis isomer over the trans. Catalytic hydrogenation using a poisoned catalyst (a Lindlar catalyst) reduces an alkyne to a cis alkene. The functional groups in alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes can be selectively reduced over those in ketones, nitriles, and amides.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.1P Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.2P Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.3P Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.4P Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.5P Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.6P Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.7P Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.8P Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.9P Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.10P

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Chapter 19 Solutions