Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781305251052
Author: Michael Cummings
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 19, Problem 13QP
Measuring Genetic Diversity in Human Populations
Why is it that mutation, acting alone, has little effect on gene frequency?
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Mutation
O Silent mutation from one allele to another
■
Suppose one allele (A1) mutates to another (A2) at some rate, μ, each
generation within a population, and A2 mutates to A1 at some other rate, v.
Suppose also that A1 and A2 are selectively neutral - they confer equal
fitness. what is the equilibrial frequency of each of the two alleles (p* and
q*)? You can think of the mathematical result as p* being the mutation rate
towards A1 divided by the sum of the mutation rates. OR, p* is the
proportion of all mutation rates (µ+v) that is mutation in the A1 direction (v).
See box 7.7.
●
●
●
μ = mutation from A1 to A2
v = mutation from A2 to A1
p* = v/(μ+v)
Example: A1 mutates to A2 in 0.0004 of all offspring per generation. In other
words the probability of mutation from A1 to A2 is 0.0004. A2 mutates to A1
in 0.0001 of all offspring per generation. What is the expected equilibrial
abundance A1 and A2?
μ = mutation from A1 to A2 = 0.0004
v = mutation from A2 to A1 = 0.0001
p* = v/(μ+v) =…
O
Mutation-selection
balance
Suppose that one allele A₁ mutates to another allele A2 at some rate, μ.
Suppose as well that A₁ is dominant over A2 such that A₁A1 and A₁A2 both
have the same fitness, but that individuals that are homozygous recessive
(A2A2) for the mutant allele A2 are less fit than the dominant genotype by
some amount s, the selection coefficient. In this case, A2 mutant alleles come
into the population at rate µ, and are removed from the population only
when the show up in homozygous genotypes. The gory mathematical proof
can be found in Box 7.8, which tells us that:
O
■
Example: Suppose A₁ mutates to A2 at rate 0.005, but A₂A2 homozygous
recessives are 50% less fit (s = 0.5) than either A₁A1 or A₁A2. What are the
expected equilibrial abundances of A₁ and A2?
μ = 0.005
S = 0.5
p* = 1-sqrt(µ/s) = 1-sqrt(0.005/0.5) = 0.9
= sqrt(µ/s) = sqrt(0.005/0.5) = 0.1
●
*
p = = 1-sqrt(µ/s)
q* = sqrt(μ/s)
●
Question: Suppose A₁ mutates to A2 at rate 0.01, but A₂A2 homozygous…
Which one of the following options most accurately describes the process that generates
the signature of a selective sweep in DNA sequence data?
suppression of mutation over a long haplotype centered on a positively selected allele
genetic hitchhiking of neutral alleles flanking the favored allele at the nucleotide site under
positive selection
O higher than average recombination around the core allele under positive selection
Chapter 19 Solutions
Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 19.8 - Why dont genetic markers on the Y chromosome...Ch. 19.8 - Prob. 2GRCh. 19 - If you suspected that heterozygous carriers of a...Ch. 19 - If allele frequencies in the hemoglobin gene are...Ch. 19 - Prob. 1QPCh. 19 - How Can We Measure Allele Frequencies in...Ch. 19 - How Can We Measure Allele Frequencies in...Ch. 19 - Prob. 4QPCh. 19 - Prob. 5QPCh. 19 - How Can We Measure Allele Frequencies in...
Ch. 19 - How Can We Measure Allele Frequencies in...Ch. 19 - How Can We Measure Allele Frequencies in...Ch. 19 - Using the HardyWeinberg Law in Human Genetics...Ch. 19 - Prob. 10QPCh. 19 - Using the HardyWeinberg Law in Human Genetics In a...Ch. 19 - Prob. 12QPCh. 19 - Measuring Genetic Diversity in Human Populations...Ch. 19 - Measuring Genetic Diversity in Human Populations...Ch. 19 - Prob. 15QPCh. 19 - Measuring Genetic Diversity in Human Populations...Ch. 19 - Prob. 17QPCh. 19 - Prob. 18QPCh. 19 - Measuring Genetic Diversity in Human Populations...Ch. 19 - Natural Selection Affects the Frequency of Genetic...Ch. 19 - Prob. 21QPCh. 19 - Prob. 22QPCh. 19 - The Evolutionary History and Spread of Our Species...Ch. 19 - Prob. 24QPCh. 19 - Genomics and Human Evolution The Denisovan genome...
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- generatio If a mutation is adaptive in one environment, it will be adaptive in 7 1 every environment. True False tounhness of aarrow_forwardHi, would you plaase answer this question? In a study conducted by an undergraduate student, the obtained data showed that approximately 75% of the European Northern human population demonstrate the expression of a phenotype directly associated with the homozygous dominant genotype, while 25% display the mutant phenotype despite their genotypes being homozygous dominant. Using your knowledge propose two hypotheses for this observation.arrow_forwardExplain the neutral theory of molecular evolution (20%) and how you use it as a null hypothesis to detect positive selection in protein coding genes (20%)arrow_forward
- Help.arrow_forwardIn Genetic Variation, If people have a similar genetic makeup, why do weu use DNA to understand or determine whether suspects are innocent or guilty of a crime.arrow_forwardFor the expression of traits gene provide only the potentialily and the environment provides the opportunity.comment on the statement?arrow_forward
- Hereditary genetics Population genetics Molecular genetics Answer Bank expressing exogenous transgenes to understand function calculating genotype frequencies to understand phenotype changes in a population researching how genetic drift impacted many species over the past thousand years observing phenotypes in offspring to understand gene inheritance studying DNA-protein interactions to understand gene regulation tracing pedigrees to determine patterns of gene transmission within a familyarrow_forwardGenetics and Social Behavior Of the following findings, which does not support the idea that alcoholism is genetic? a. Some strains of mice select alcohol over water 75% of the time, whereas others shun alcohol. b. The concordance value is 55% for MZ twins and 28% for DZ twins. c. Biological sons of alcoholic men who have been adopted have a rate of alcoholism more like that of their adoptive fathers. d. There is a 20% to 25% risk of alcoholism in the sons of alcoholic men. e. None of these.arrow_forwardDiscuss the significance of mutations and explain the role of the environment in the evolutionary process. (Hint: Consider Lenski's study and what is demonstrated. Do not re-tell Lenski’s study)arrow_forward
- The total number of genes in human is far less than the previous estimate.Comment?arrow_forwardPart 1 V Create an A3 poster that demonstrates the following genetic concepts: The difference between continuous and discontinuous variation.arrow_forwardHow can you use this piece of information to help you explain to your friends what is the significance of mutations in the emergence of new genetic properties (alleles) that may result (or not) in new phenotypic characteristics? (Recall that not all SNPs affect phenotype.)arrow_forward
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