Chapter 18, Problem 6TE

To determine

Whether the given bonds are ionic, covalent, or neither.

Answer to Problem 6TE

The types of bonds are as follows;

O with F - covalent

Ca with Cl - ionic

Na with Na - neither

U with Cl - ionic

Explanation of Solution

The overall number of unpaired valence electrons existing in the valence shell undergoes electron interaction to form a bond that is covalent bond. Thus, the numbers of unpaired valence electrons are required for bonding in an atom. Whereas an ionic bond is a bond present between ions and the atoms involved in ionic bonds must have a high difference in electronegativity. The atoms having low electronegativity possesses tendency to lose electrons and the atoms with high electronegativity tend to gain electrons.

The electrons are arranged according to the energy level in shells outside the nucleus and the electrons present in the last outer shell of an atom are called the valence electrons of an atom.

The bond between O and F, they both have high number of electrons in the valence shell and thus tend to share electrons to form a covalent bond.

The bond between Ca and Cl, the calcium has only two electrons in the outermost shell and thus tends to donate their electrons while Cl has seven electrons in the valence shell and thus tends to gain electrons to form an ionic bond.

The bond between Na and Na, the sodium has only one electron in the outermost shell and thus tends to donate their electron but there is no tendency of sodium atom to bond with another sodium atom.

The bond between U and Cl, since the uranium is metal and have the tendency to donate their electrons while Cl has seven electrons in the valence shell and thus tends to gain electrons to form an ionic bond.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the types of bonds are as follows;

O with F - covalent

Ca with Cl - ionic

Na with Na - neither

U with Cl - ionic