1 Chemistry: The Central Science 2 Atoms, Molecules, And Ions 3 Stoichiometry: Ratios Of Combination 4 Reactions In Aqueous Solutions 5 Thermochemistry 6 Quantum Theory And The Electronic Structure Of Atoms 7 Electron Configuration And The Periodic Table 8 Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts 9 Chemical Bonding Ii: Molecular Geometry And Bonding Theories 10 Gases 11 Intermolecular Forces And The Physical Properties Of Liquids And Solids 12 Modern Materials 13 Physical Properties Of Solutions 14 Chemical Kinetics 15 Chemical Equilibrium 16 Acids And Bases 17 Acid-base Equilibria And Solubility Equilibria 18 Entropy, Free Energy, And Equilibrium 19 Electrochemistry 20 Nuclear Chemistry 21 Environmental Chemistry 22 Coordination Chemistry 23 Metallurgy And The Chemistry Of Metals 24 Nonmetallic Elements And Their Compounds 25 Organic Chemistry expand_more
18.1 Sample Problem 18.2 Sample Problem 18.3 Sample Problem And Checkpoint 18.4 Sample Problem And Checkpoint 18.5 Sample Problem And Checkpoint 18.6 Sample Problem And Checkpoint 18.7 Sample Problem 18.8 Sample Problem 18.9 Sample Problem 18.10 Sample Problem Chapter Questions expand_more
Problem 1KSP: 18.1
Which of the following must be negative for a process to be spontaneous as written?
Problem 2KSP: Δ G for a reaction is always negative when (a) Δ G ° is negative (b) K < 1 (c) K > 1 (d) Q < K (e) Q... Problem 3KSP: 18.3
The diagram shown here depicts a system at equilibrium for the reaction
for the reaction is... Problem 4KSP: The reaction shown here has Δ G º = -1 .83 kJ/mol at 25ºC . Under the starting conditions shown in... Problem 1QP: 18.1 Explain what is meant by a spontaneous process. Give two examples each of spontaneous and... Problem 2QP Problem 3QP Problem 4QP: Describe what is meant by the term entropy. What are the units of entropy? Problem 5QP Problem 6QP Problem 7QP Problem 8QP Problem 9QP: How does the entropy of a system change for each of the following processes? (a) Bromine liquid... Problem 10QP Problem 11QP Problem 12QP Problem 13QP Problem 14QP: Using the data in Appendix 2, calculate the standard entropy changes for the following reactions at... Problem 15QP: 18.15 Using the data in Appendix 2, calculate the standard entropy changes for the following... Problem 16QP Problem 17QP Problem 18QP Problem 19QP: 18.19 State the third law of thermodynamics in words, and explain its usefulness in calculating... Problem 20QP: Calculate Δ S surr for each of the reactions in Problem 18.14 and determine if each reaction is... Problem 21QP: Calculate Δ S surr for each of the reactions in Problem 18.15 and determine if each reaction is... Problem 22QP: Using data from Appendix 2, calculate Δ S rxn º and Δ S surr for each of the reactions in Problem... Problem 23QP: 18.23 Using data from Appendix 2, calculate for each of the reactions in Problem 18.11 and... Problem 24QP Problem 25QP: Why is it more convenient to predict the direction of a reaction in terms of Δ G sys instead of Δ S... Problem 26QP: What is the significance of the sign of Δ G sys ? Problem 27QP: From the following combinations of Δ H and Δ S , predict if a process will be spontaneous at a high... Problem 28QP Problem 29QP Problem 30QP: From the values of Δ H and Δ S , predict which of the following reactions would be spontaneous at... Problem 31QP: Find the temperatures at which reactions with the following Δ H and Δ S values would become... Problem 32QP: The molar heats of fusion and vaporization of ethanol are 7 .61 and 26 .0 kJ/mol, respectively.... Problem 33QP: 18.33 The molar heats of fusion and vaporization of mercury are 23.4 and , respectively. Calculate... Problem 34QP Problem 35QP Problem 36QP Problem 37QP Problem 38QP Problem 39QP: Explain why Equation 18.14 is of great importance in chemistry. Problem 40QP Problem 41QP Problem 42QP Problem 43QP: 18.43 Consider the following reaction at :
Calculate for the reaction.
Problem 44QP Problem 45QP: 18.45
(a)
Calculate and for the following equilibrium reaction at:
(b)
Calculate for the reaction... Problem 46QP Problem 47QP: Consider the decomposition of calcium carbonate: CaCO 3 ( s ) ⇄ CaO( s ) + CO 2 ( g ) Calculate the... Problem 48QP Problem 49QP: 18.49 At for the process:
is 8.6 kJ/mol. Calculate the vapor pressure of water at this... Problem 50QP Problem 51QP: What is a coupled reaction? What is its importance in biological reactions? Problem 52QP: What is the role of ATP in biological reactions? Problem 53QP Problem 54QP: 18.54 In the metabolism of glucose, the first step is the conversion of glucose to glucose... Problem 55AP: Predict the signs of Δ H , Δ S , and Δ G of the system for the following processes at 1 atm: (a)... Problem 56AP Problem 57AP Problem 58AP Problem 59AP Problem 60AP Problem 61AP: Ammonium nitrate ( NH 4 NO 3 ) dissolves spontaneously and endothermically in water. What can you... Problem 62AP: 18.62 Calculate the equilibrium pressure of due to the decomposition of barium carbonate.
Problem 63AP Problem 64AP: Referring to Problem 18.63, explain why the ratio is considerably smaller than 90 J/K ⋅ mol for... Problem 65AP: 18.65 Which of the following are not state functions: S, H, q, w, T?
Problem 66AP: 18.66 For reactions carried out under standard-state conditions, Equation 18.10 takes the form .(a)... Problem 67AP Problem 68AP Problem 69AP: A student looked up the Δ G f o , Δ H f o , and Δ S° values for CO 2 , in Appendix 2. Plugging these... Problem 70AP: Consider the following Brønsted acid-base reaction at 25°C : HF ( a q ) + Cl - ( a q ) ⇄ HCl( a q... Problem 71AP: 18.71 At o K, the entropy of carbon monoxide crystal is not zero but has a value of 4.2 J/K mol,... Problem 72AP Problem 73QP: Consider the thermal decomposition of CaCO 3 : CaCO 3 ( s ) ⇄ CaO ( s ) + CO 2 ( g ) The equilibrium... Problem 74QP Problem 75QP Problem 76QP Problem 77AP Problem 78AP Problem 79AP Problem 80AP Problem 81AP Problem 82AP Problem 83AP: 18.83 Comment on the statement: “Just talking about entropy increases its value in the universe".
Problem 84AP Problem 85AP: Consider the reaction: N 2 ( g ) + O 2 ( g ) ⇄ 2 NO ( g ) Given that Δ G º for the reaction at 25ºC... Problem 86AP Problem 87AP: Consider the decomposition of magnesium carbonate: MgCO 3 ( s ) ⇄ MgO ( s ) + CO 2 ( g ) Calculate... Problem 88AP Problem 89AP Problem 90AP: 18.90 The rate constant for the elementary reaction:
is . What is the rate constant for the reverse... Problem 91AP: A 74.6-g ice cube floats in the Arctic Sea. The pressure and temperature of the system and... Problem 92AP: 18.92 Which of the following is not accompanied by an increase in the entropy of the system: (a)... Problem 93AP Problem 94AP: Give a detailed example of each of the following, with an explanation: (a) a thermodynamically... Problem 95QP Problem 96QP: 18.96 The standard enthalpy of formation and the standard entropy of gaseous benzene are 82.93... Problem 97QP Problem 98QP Problem 99AP: The following reaction was described as the cause of sulfur deposits formed at volcanic sites: 2H 2... Problem 100AP: Comment on the feasibility of extracting copper from its ore chalcocite ( Cu 2 S ) by heating: Cu 2... Problem 101AP: 18.101 One of the steps in the extraction of iron from its ore is the reduction of iron(II) oxide... Problem 102AP Problem 103AP Problem 104AP Problem 105AP: 18.105 The enthalpy change in the denaturation of a certain protein is 125 kJ/mol. If the entropy... Problem 106AP Problem 107AP Problem 108AP Problem 109AP Problem 110AP Problem 111AP: 18.111 Carbon monoxide and nitric oxide are polluting gases contained in automobile exhaust. Under... Problem 112AP Problem 113AP Problem 114AP: 18.114 Many hydrocarbons exist as structural isomers, which are compounds that have the same... Problem 1SEPP: Physical and Biological Sciences
In chemistry, the standard state for a solution is 1M. This means... Problem 2SEPP: Physical and Biological Sciences
In chemistry, the standard state for a solution is This means that... Problem 3SEPP Problem 4SEPP: Physical and Biological Sciences
In chemistry, the standard state for a solution is 1M. This means... format_list_bulleted