Chapter 18, Problem 38PP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following transformations should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophile: It is positively charged species which seeks for negative charge and hence accepts pair of electrons from negatively charged species (Nucleophiles) which results in the formation of chemical bond.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aliphatic substitution reaction.

Answer to Problem 38PP

Explanation of Solution

Chlorination of benzene.

Benzene reacts with Chlorine in an electrophilic substitution reaction, other than only in the presence of a catalyst. These compounds act as the catalyst and perform precisely like Aluminium chloride in these reactions.

Bromination of benzene.

Explanation: Benzene reacts with Bromine in an electrophilic substitution reaction, other than only in the presence of a catalyst. These compounds act as the catalyst and perform precisely like Aluminium bromide in these reactions.

Nitration followed by nitro reduction.

Nitration is a universal group of chemical procedure for the opening of a nitro group keen on an organic chemical compound. Extra loosely the term as well is applied imperfectly to the different process of forming nitrate esters between alcohols and nitric acid. Nitro group is converted into Amine using Zinc Hydro chloric acid.

 Sulfonation of benzene.

Sulfonation is a reversible reaction so as to produces Benzene sulfonic acid by adding fuming Sulfuric acid.

Friedel-Crafts acyation followed by Clemmensen reduction.

 Friedel-Crafts acyation of benzene linking an electrophilic substitution reaction between benzene and alkyl chloride in the presence of an Aluminium chloride catalyst.

Clemmensen reduction is a chemical reaction explain because a reduction of ketone to alkanes using Zinc amalgam and Hydrochloric acid.

Friedel Crafts alkylation followed by Oxidation.

Friedel Crafts alkylation involves the alkylation of an aromatic circle with an alkyl halide using a strong Lewis acid catalyst. The given product toluene is oxidized using ${\text{KMnO}}_{\text{4}}$ we get benzoic acid and also side chain brominated using NBS.

Conclusion

The given following transformations should be determined.