(a) Interpretation: The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn. Concept introduction: The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as acid as well as a base depending on availability and the reaction condition.

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Answer 1

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.45P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as acid as well as a base depending on availability and the reaction condition.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as an acid as well as base depending on availability and the reaction condition. The α,β unsaturated aldehyde or ketone possesses two electrophilic centers – one is carbonyl carbon itself and second is the β carbon of the compound. Due to the resonance, there are two possible attacks for the nucleophile. When the nucleophile adds the carbonyl carbon, it is called a 1, 2-addtion product or direct addition product, and it is an irreversible addition as carbonyl group is not regenerated. Instead, alcohol is formed as the product on the acid or protic workup. When the nucleophile adds β carbon of the carbonyl compound, it is called 1, 4-addition product or conjugate addition product, and it is a reversible addition as the carbonyl group is regenerated on the acid or protic workup.

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personality of each of them in terms of nucleophile vs. electrophile (some can be considered acids/bases but we are not looking at that here). Note you may have to use your growing intuition to figure out the personality of one of the molecules below but I believe in you! Rationalize it out based on what we have called strong versus weak electrophiles in past mechanisms. Consider using the memes below to help guide your understanding! A OH O B CH3 C Molecule A: [Select] Molecule B: [Select] Molecule C: [Select] Molecule D: [Select] > H D OH

4) Which oxygen atom in the structure below is most basic / nucleophilic? Please explain by discussing the electron density around each oxygen atom. Show at least three resonance structures for the compound. оого

Can you show me this problem. Turn them into lewis dot structures for me please and then answer the question because I cant seem to comprehend it/ The diagrams on the picture look too small I guess.

Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.45P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as acid as well as a base depending on availability and the reaction condition.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as an acid as well as base depending on availability and the reaction condition. The α,β unsaturated aldehyde or ketone possesses two electrophilic centers – one is carbonyl carbon itself and second is the β carbon of the compound. Due to the resonance, there are two possible attacks for the nucleophile. When the nucleophile adds the carbonyl carbon, it is called a 1, 2-addtion product or direct addition product, and it is an irreversible addition as carbonyl group is not regenerated. Instead, alcohol is formed as the product on the acid or protic workup. When the nucleophile adds β carbon of the carbonyl compound, it is called 1, 4-addition product or conjugate addition product, and it is a reversible addition as the carbonyl group is regenerated on the acid or protic workup.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.45P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as acid as well as a base depending on availability and the reaction condition.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as an acid as well as base depending on availability and the reaction condition. The α,β unsaturated aldehyde or ketone possesses two electrophilic centers – one is carbonyl carbon itself and second is the β carbon of the compound. Due to the resonance, there are two possible attacks for the nucleophile. When the nucleophile adds the carbonyl carbon, it is called a 1, 2-addtion product or direct addition product, and it is an irreversible addition as carbonyl group is not regenerated. Instead, alcohol is formed as the product on the acid or protic workup. When the nucleophile adds β carbon of the carbonyl compound, it is called 1, 4-addition product or conjugate addition product, and it is a reversible addition as the carbonyl group is regenerated on the acid or protic workup.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.45P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as acid as well as a base depending on availability and the reaction condition.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as an acid as well as base depending on availability and the reaction condition. The α,β unsaturated aldehyde or ketone possesses two electrophilic centers – one is carbonyl carbon itself and second is the β carbon of the compound. Due to the resonance, there are two possible attacks for the nucleophile. When the nucleophile adds the carbonyl carbon, it is called a 1, 2-addtion product or direct addition product, and it is an irreversible addition as carbonyl group is not regenerated. Instead, alcohol is formed as the product on the acid or protic workup. When the nucleophile adds β carbon of the carbonyl compound, it is called 1, 4-addition product or conjugate addition product, and it is a reversible addition as the carbonyl group is regenerated on the acid or protic workup.

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Answer 5

Chapter 18, Problem 18.45P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as acid as well as a base depending on availability and the reaction condition.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as an acid as well as base depending on availability and the reaction condition. The α,β unsaturated aldehyde or ketone possesses two electrophilic centers – one is carbonyl carbon itself and second is the β carbon of the compound. Due to the resonance, there are two possible attacks for the nucleophile. When the nucleophile adds the carbonyl carbon, it is called a 1, 2-addtion product or direct addition product, and it is an irreversible addition as carbonyl group is not regenerated. Instead, alcohol is formed as the product on the acid or protic workup. When the nucleophile adds β carbon of the carbonyl compound, it is called 1, 4-addition product or conjugate addition product, and it is a reversible addition as the carbonyl group is regenerated on the acid or protic workup.

Answer 6

Chapter 18, Problem 18.45P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as acid as well as a base depending on availability and the reaction condition.

Answer 7

Chapter 18, Problem 18.45P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as acid as well as a base depending on availability and the reaction condition.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as an acid as well as base depending on availability and the reaction condition. The α,β unsaturated aldehyde or ketone possesses two electrophilic centers – one is carbonyl carbon itself and second is the β carbon of the compound. Due to the resonance, there are two possible attacks for the nucleophile. When the nucleophile adds the carbonyl carbon, it is called a 1, 2-addtion product or direct addition product, and it is an irreversible addition as carbonyl group is not regenerated. Instead, alcohol is formed as the product on the acid or protic workup. When the nucleophile adds β carbon of the carbonyl compound, it is called 1, 4-addition product or conjugate addition product, and it is a reversible addition as the carbonyl group is regenerated on the acid or protic workup.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as an acid as well as base depending on availability and the reaction condition. The α,β unsaturated aldehyde or ketone possesses two electrophilic centers – one is carbonyl carbon itself and second is the β carbon of the compound. Due to the resonance, there are two possible attacks for the nucleophile. When the nucleophile adds the carbonyl carbon, it is called a 1, 2-addtion product or direct addition product, and it is an irreversible addition as carbonyl group is not regenerated. Instead, alcohol is formed as the product on the acid or protic workup. When the nucleophile adds β carbon of the carbonyl compound, it is called 1, 4-addition product or conjugate addition product, and it is a reversible addition as the carbonyl group is regenerated on the acid or protic workup.

Answer 10

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Answer 11

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Answer 12

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Answer 13

Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.1P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.2P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.3P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.4P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.5P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.6P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.7P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.8P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.9P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.10P

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