The changes in the ΔG , Δ Η and Δ S has to be predicted for the given reactions. Concept Introduction: Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy. Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter G. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system. Enthalpy is the heat energy absorbed or released from the system.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.44QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The changes in the ΔG ,ΔΗ and ΔS has to be predicted for the given reactions.

Concept Introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy. Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter G. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system. Enthalpy is the heat energy absorbed or released from the system.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The changes in the ΔG ,ΔΗ and ΔS has to be predicted for the given reactions.

Concept Introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy. Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter G. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system. Enthalpy is the heat energy absorbed or released from the system.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The changes in the ΔG ,ΔΗ and ΔS has to be predicted for the given reactions.

Concept Introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy. Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter G. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system. Enthalpy is the heat energy absorbed or released from the system.

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3. Consider the compounds below and determine if they are aromatic, antiaromatic, or non-aromatic. In case of aromatic or anti-aromatic, please indicate number of I electrons in the respective systems. (Hint: 1. Not all lone pair electrons were explicitly drawn and you should be able to tell that the bonding electrons and lone pair electrons should reside in which hybridized atomic orbital 2. You should consider ring strain- flexibility and steric repulsion that facilitates adoption of aromaticity or avoidance of anti- aromaticity) H H N N: NH2 N Aromaticity (Circle) Aromatic Aromatic Aromatic Aromatic Aromatic Antiaromatic Antiaromatic Antiaromatic Antiaromatic Antiaromatic nonaromatic nonaromatic nonaromatic nonaromatic nonaromatic aromatic TT electrons Me H Me Aromaticity (Circle) Aromatic Aromatic Aromatic Aromatic Aromatic Antiaromatic Antiaromatic Antiaromatic Antiaromatic Antiaromatic nonaromatic nonaromatic nonaromatic nonaromatic nonaromatic aromatic πT electrons H HH…

A chemistry graduate student is studying the rate of this reaction: 2 HI (g) →H2(g) +12(g) She fills a reaction vessel with HI and measures its concentration as the reaction proceeds: time (minutes) [IH] 0 0.800M 1.0 0.301 M 2.0 0.185 M 3.0 0.134M 4.0 0.105 M Use this data to answer the following questions. Write the rate law for this reaction. rate = 0 Calculate the value of the rate constant k. k = Round your answer to 2 significant digits. Also be sure your answer has the correct unit symbol.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.44QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The changes in the ΔG ,ΔΗ and ΔS has to be predicted for the given reactions.

Concept Introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy. Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter G. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system. Enthalpy is the heat energy absorbed or released from the system.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The changes in the ΔG ,ΔΗ and ΔS has to be predicted for the given reactions.

Concept Introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy. Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter G. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system. Enthalpy is the heat energy absorbed or released from the system.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The changes in the ΔG ,ΔΗ and ΔS has to be predicted for the given reactions.

Concept Introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy. Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter G. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system. Enthalpy is the heat energy absorbed or released from the system.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.44QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The changes in the ΔG ,ΔΗ and ΔS has to be predicted for the given reactions.

Concept Introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy. Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter G. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system. Enthalpy is the heat energy absorbed or released from the system.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The changes in the ΔG ,ΔΗ and ΔS has to be predicted for the given reactions.

Concept Introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy. Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter G. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system. Enthalpy is the heat energy absorbed or released from the system.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The changes in the ΔG ,ΔΗ and ΔS has to be predicted for the given reactions.

Concept Introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy. Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter G. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system. Enthalpy is the heat energy absorbed or released from the system.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.44QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The changes in the ΔG ,ΔΗ and ΔS has to be predicted for the given reactions.

Concept Introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy. Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter G. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system. Enthalpy is the heat energy absorbed or released from the system.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The changes in the ΔG ,ΔΗ and ΔS has to be predicted for the given reactions.

Concept Introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy. Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter G. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system. Enthalpy is the heat energy absorbed or released from the system.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The changes in the ΔG ,ΔΗ and ΔS has to be predicted for the given reactions.

Concept Introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy. Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter G. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system. Enthalpy is the heat energy absorbed or released from the system.

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See solution

Answer 5

Chapter 18, Problem 18.44QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The changes in the ΔG ,ΔΗ and ΔS has to be predicted for the given reactions.

Concept Introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy. Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter G. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system. Enthalpy is the heat energy absorbed or released from the system.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The changes in the ΔG ,ΔΗ and ΔS has to be predicted for the given reactions.

Concept Introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy. Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter G. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system. Enthalpy is the heat energy absorbed or released from the system.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The changes in the ΔG ,ΔΗ and ΔS has to be predicted for the given reactions.

Concept Introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy. Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter G. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system. Enthalpy is the heat energy absorbed or released from the system.

Answer 6

Chapter 18, Problem 18.44QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The changes in the ΔG ,ΔΗ and ΔS has to be predicted for the given reactions.

Concept Introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy. Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter G. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system. Enthalpy is the heat energy absorbed or released from the system.

Answer 7

Chapter 18, Problem 18.44QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The changes in the ΔG ,ΔΗ and ΔS has to be predicted for the given reactions.

Concept Introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy. Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter G. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system. Enthalpy is the heat energy absorbed or released from the system.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The changes in the ΔG ,ΔΗ and ΔS has to be predicted for the given reactions.

Concept Introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy. Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter G. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system. Enthalpy is the heat energy absorbed or released from the system.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The changes in the ΔG ,ΔΗ and ΔS has to be predicted for the given reactions.

Concept Introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy. Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter G. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system. Enthalpy is the heat energy absorbed or released from the system.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The changes in the ΔG ,ΔΗ and ΔS has to be predicted for the given reactions.

Concept Introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy. Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter G. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system. Enthalpy is the heat energy absorbed or released from the system.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The changes in the ΔG ,ΔΗ and ΔS has to be predicted for the given reactions.

Concept Introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy. Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter G. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system. Enthalpy is the heat energy absorbed or released from the system.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

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