(a) Interpretation: The complete, detailed mechanism of the given reaction is to be drawn, and the major product is to be predicted. Concept introduction: The carbonyl group of an aldehyde or a ketone is reduced to a − CH 2 − group when treated with hydrazine under mildly acidic conditions, followed by heating with a strong base like NaOH. The reaction is known as Wolff-Kishner reduction. Initially, hydrazine adds to the carbonyl carbon ro produce a hydrazone. The mechanism of formation of hydrazone is similar to the formation of an imine. Thereafter, a series of proton transfer steps leads to the original carbonyl carbon being reduced to − CH 2 − with the loss of highly stable nitrogen molecule.

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Answer 1

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.18P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete, detailed mechanism of the given reaction is to be drawn, and the major product is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl group of an aldehyde or a ketone is reduced to a −CH2− group when treated with hydrazine under mildly acidic conditions, followed by heating with a strong base like NaOH. The reaction is known as Wolff-Kishner reduction. Initially, hydrazine adds to the carbonyl carbon ro produce a hydrazone. The mechanism of formation of hydrazone is similar to the formation of an imine. Thereafter, a series of proton transfer steps leads to the original carbonyl carbon being reduced to −CH2− with the loss of highly stable nitrogen molecule.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete, detailed mechanism of the given reaction is to be drawn, and the major product is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl group of an aldehyde or a ketone is reduced to a −CH2− group when treated with hydrazine under mildly acidic conditions, followed by heating with a strong base like NaOH. The reaction is known as Wolff-Kishner reduction. Initially, hydrazine adds to the carbonyl carbon ro produce a hydrazone. The mechanism of formation of hydrazone is similar to the formation of an imine. Thereafter, a series of proton transfer steps leads to the original carbonyl carbon being reduced to −CH2− with the loss of highly stable nitrogen molecule.

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LTS Solid: AT=Te-Ti Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average ΔΗ Mass water, g 24.096 23.976 23.975 Moles of solid, mol 0.01763 001767 0101781 Temp. change, °C 2.9°C 11700 2.0°C Heat of reaction, J -292.37J -170.473 -193.26J AH, kJ/mole 16.58K 9.647 kJ 10.85 kr 16.58K59.64701 KJ mol 12.35k Minimum AS, J/mol K 41.582 mol-k Remember: q = mCsAT (m = mass of water, Cs=4.184J/g°C) & qsin =-qrxn & Show your calculations for: AH in J and then in kJ/mole for Trial 1: qa (24.0969)(4.1845/g) (-2.9°C)=-292.37J qsin = qrxn = 292.35 292.37J AH in J = 292.375 0.2923kJ 0.01763m01 =1.65×107 AH in kJ/mol = = 16.58K 0.01763mol mol qrx Minimum AS in J/mol K (Hint: use the average initial temperature of the three trials, con Kelvin.) AS=AHIT (1.65×10(9.64×103) + (1.0 Jimai

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Answer 2

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.18P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete, detailed mechanism of the given reaction is to be drawn, and the major product is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl group of an aldehyde or a ketone is reduced to a −CH2− group when treated with hydrazine under mildly acidic conditions, followed by heating with a strong base like NaOH. The reaction is known as Wolff-Kishner reduction. Initially, hydrazine adds to the carbonyl carbon ro produce a hydrazone. The mechanism of formation of hydrazone is similar to the formation of an imine. Thereafter, a series of proton transfer steps leads to the original carbonyl carbon being reduced to −CH2− with the loss of highly stable nitrogen molecule.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete, detailed mechanism of the given reaction is to be drawn, and the major product is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl group of an aldehyde or a ketone is reduced to a −CH2− group when treated with hydrazine under mildly acidic conditions, followed by heating with a strong base like NaOH. The reaction is known as Wolff-Kishner reduction. Initially, hydrazine adds to the carbonyl carbon ro produce a hydrazone. The mechanism of formation of hydrazone is similar to the formation of an imine. Thereafter, a series of proton transfer steps leads to the original carbonyl carbon being reduced to −CH2− with the loss of highly stable nitrogen molecule.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.18P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete, detailed mechanism of the given reaction is to be drawn, and the major product is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl group of an aldehyde or a ketone is reduced to a −CH2− group when treated with hydrazine under mildly acidic conditions, followed by heating with a strong base like NaOH. The reaction is known as Wolff-Kishner reduction. Initially, hydrazine adds to the carbonyl carbon ro produce a hydrazone. The mechanism of formation of hydrazone is similar to the formation of an imine. Thereafter, a series of proton transfer steps leads to the original carbonyl carbon being reduced to −CH2− with the loss of highly stable nitrogen molecule.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete, detailed mechanism of the given reaction is to be drawn, and the major product is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl group of an aldehyde or a ketone is reduced to a −CH2− group when treated with hydrazine under mildly acidic conditions, followed by heating with a strong base like NaOH. The reaction is known as Wolff-Kishner reduction. Initially, hydrazine adds to the carbonyl carbon ro produce a hydrazone. The mechanism of formation of hydrazone is similar to the formation of an imine. Thereafter, a series of proton transfer steps leads to the original carbonyl carbon being reduced to −CH2− with the loss of highly stable nitrogen molecule.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.18P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete, detailed mechanism of the given reaction is to be drawn, and the major product is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl group of an aldehyde or a ketone is reduced to a −CH2− group when treated with hydrazine under mildly acidic conditions, followed by heating with a strong base like NaOH. The reaction is known as Wolff-Kishner reduction. Initially, hydrazine adds to the carbonyl carbon ro produce a hydrazone. The mechanism of formation of hydrazone is similar to the formation of an imine. Thereafter, a series of proton transfer steps leads to the original carbonyl carbon being reduced to −CH2− with the loss of highly stable nitrogen molecule.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete, detailed mechanism of the given reaction is to be drawn, and the major product is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl group of an aldehyde or a ketone is reduced to a −CH2− group when treated with hydrazine under mildly acidic conditions, followed by heating with a strong base like NaOH. The reaction is known as Wolff-Kishner reduction. Initially, hydrazine adds to the carbonyl carbon ro produce a hydrazone. The mechanism of formation of hydrazone is similar to the formation of an imine. Thereafter, a series of proton transfer steps leads to the original carbonyl carbon being reduced to −CH2− with the loss of highly stable nitrogen molecule.

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Answer 5

Chapter 18, Problem 18.18P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete, detailed mechanism of the given reaction is to be drawn, and the major product is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl group of an aldehyde or a ketone is reduced to a −CH2− group when treated with hydrazine under mildly acidic conditions, followed by heating with a strong base like NaOH. The reaction is known as Wolff-Kishner reduction. Initially, hydrazine adds to the carbonyl carbon ro produce a hydrazone. The mechanism of formation of hydrazone is similar to the formation of an imine. Thereafter, a series of proton transfer steps leads to the original carbonyl carbon being reduced to −CH2− with the loss of highly stable nitrogen molecule.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete, detailed mechanism of the given reaction is to be drawn, and the major product is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl group of an aldehyde or a ketone is reduced to a −CH2− group when treated with hydrazine under mildly acidic conditions, followed by heating with a strong base like NaOH. The reaction is known as Wolff-Kishner reduction. Initially, hydrazine adds to the carbonyl carbon ro produce a hydrazone. The mechanism of formation of hydrazone is similar to the formation of an imine. Thereafter, a series of proton transfer steps leads to the original carbonyl carbon being reduced to −CH2− with the loss of highly stable nitrogen molecule.

Answer 6

Chapter 18, Problem 18.18P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete, detailed mechanism of the given reaction is to be drawn, and the major product is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl group of an aldehyde or a ketone is reduced to a −CH2− group when treated with hydrazine under mildly acidic conditions, followed by heating with a strong base like NaOH. The reaction is known as Wolff-Kishner reduction. Initially, hydrazine adds to the carbonyl carbon ro produce a hydrazone. The mechanism of formation of hydrazone is similar to the formation of an imine. Thereafter, a series of proton transfer steps leads to the original carbonyl carbon being reduced to −CH2− with the loss of highly stable nitrogen molecule.

Answer 7

Chapter 18, Problem 18.18P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete, detailed mechanism of the given reaction is to be drawn, and the major product is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl group of an aldehyde or a ketone is reduced to a −CH2− group when treated with hydrazine under mildly acidic conditions, followed by heating with a strong base like NaOH. The reaction is known as Wolff-Kishner reduction. Initially, hydrazine adds to the carbonyl carbon ro produce a hydrazone. The mechanism of formation of hydrazone is similar to the formation of an imine. Thereafter, a series of proton transfer steps leads to the original carbonyl carbon being reduced to −CH2− with the loss of highly stable nitrogen molecule.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete, detailed mechanism of the given reaction is to be drawn, and the major product is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl group of an aldehyde or a ketone is reduced to a −CH2− group when treated with hydrazine under mildly acidic conditions, followed by heating with a strong base like NaOH. The reaction is known as Wolff-Kishner reduction. Initially, hydrazine adds to the carbonyl carbon ro produce a hydrazone. The mechanism of formation of hydrazone is similar to the formation of an imine. Thereafter, a series of proton transfer steps leads to the original carbonyl carbon being reduced to −CH2− with the loss of highly stable nitrogen molecule.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete, detailed mechanism of the given reaction is to be drawn, and the major product is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl group of an aldehyde or a ketone is reduced to a −CH2− group when treated with hydrazine under mildly acidic conditions, followed by heating with a strong base like NaOH. The reaction is known as Wolff-Kishner reduction. Initially, hydrazine adds to the carbonyl carbon ro produce a hydrazone. The mechanism of formation of hydrazone is similar to the formation of an imine. Thereafter, a series of proton transfer steps leads to the original carbonyl carbon being reduced to −CH2− with the loss of highly stable nitrogen molecule.

Answer 10

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Answer 12

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Answer 13

Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.1P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.2P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.3P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.4P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.5P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.6P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.7P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.8P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.9P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.10P

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Chapter 18 Solutions