Pearson eText Bauman Microbiology with Diseases by Body Systems -- Instant Access (Pearson+)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780135891018
Author: ROBERT BAUMAN
Publisher: PEARSON+
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Chapter 18, Problem 10CT
Reverse transcriptase is notoriously sloppy in making DNA copies from RNA templates. How do retroviruses survive when their genomes are subjected to such shoddy replication?
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Students have asked these similar questions
Which of the following are the functions of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?
i) it hydrolyzes the host cell's DNA
ii) it uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis
iii) it converts host cell RNA into viral DNA
iv) it translates viral RNA into proteins
v) It uses viral RNA as a template for making complementary RNA strand
vi) It degrades RNA from DNA-RNA hybrid
Oi, iv and v
O ii, iv, v and vi
ii and iii
ii and vi
Some retroviruses that have a wide host range have been developed for use in treatment of diseases or syndromes. These viruses do not result in a productive infection because they lack critical genes for viral
replication, but they do carry DNA sequences that allow them to be packaged into infectious particles. Once in the host cell the viral DNA is released and integrates into the cell's genome. The advantage to this
strategy is that the delivery of the DNA is very efficient. What is one possible problem of using a virus that can integrate into the human nuclear genome?
Multiple Choice
The virus carries genes that will interfere with host cell activities.
The viral DNA sequences could still cause a disease.
Since the viral DNA sequences no longer contain essential genes for viral replication the host cell may not be able to replicate either.
The integration could disrupt an essential gene or genes.
What enzyme is responsible for the production of viral DNA from a retrovirus?
Chapter 18 Solutions
Pearson eText Bauman Microbiology with Diseases by Body Systems -- Instant Access (Pearson+)
Ch. 18 - Prob. 1CCSCh. 18 - Prob. 1TMWCh. 18 - Prob. 2TMWCh. 18 - A Case of AIDS A 25-year-old man is admitted to...Ch. 18 - Prob. 3TMWCh. 18 - The immunoglobulin class that mediates type I...Ch. 18 - The major inflammatory mediator released by...Ch. 18 - Hemolytic disease of the new born is caused by...Ch. 18 - Farmers lung is a hypersensitivity pneumonitis...Ch. 18 - A positive tuberculin skin test indicates that a...
Ch. 18 - Which of the following is an autoimmune disease?...Ch. 18 - When a surgeon conducts a cardiac bypass operation...Ch. 18 - A deficiency of both B cells and T cells is most...Ch. 18 - Prob. 9MCCh. 18 - What do medical personnel administer to counteract...Ch. 18 - Which of the following is not typically part of an...Ch. 18 - Prob. 12MCCh. 18 - Prob. 13MCCh. 18 - Prob. 14MCCh. 18 - Prob. 15MCCh. 18 - Prob. 1MTFCh. 18 - Prob. 2MTFCh. 18 - Prob. 3MTFCh. 18 - Prob. 4MTFCh. 18 - Modified True/False 5. ___ Graft-versus-host...Ch. 18 - Prob. 1MCh. 18 - Prob. 1SACh. 18 - Prob. 2SACh. 18 - Prob. 3SACh. 18 - Contrast autografts, isografts, allografts, and...Ch. 18 - Prob. 5SACh. 18 - Prob. 1VICh. 18 - Prob. 2VICh. 18 - Prob. 3VICh. 18 - Prob. 1CTCh. 18 - Why cant physicians use skin tests similar to the...Ch. 18 - Prob. 3CTCh. 18 - Prob. 4CTCh. 18 - What types of illnesses cause death in patients...Ch. 18 - Prob. 6CTCh. 18 - Why do the blisters of positive tuberculin...Ch. 18 - Retroviruses such as HIV use RNA as a primer for...Ch. 18 - Prob. 9CTCh. 18 - Reverse transcriptase is notoriously sloppy in...Ch. 18 - A patient arrives at the doctors office with a...Ch. 18 - Prob. 12CTCh. 18 - Prob. 13CTCh. 18 - Prob. 1CM
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- What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses? a) It converts viral RNA into double-stranded DNA Ob) It uses viral RNA as a template for making complementary RNA strands Oc) It translates viral RNA into proteins d) It uses viral DNA as a template for RNA synthesisarrow_forwardMatch each of the following replication classes of viruses with the one description that best describes it. This virus class is composed of segmented and non-segmented helical viruses that carry an RdRp within the virion into the cell. Example: Rabies virus These viruses are non- enveloped, icosahedral, have segmented genomes, and carry their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The viral genome is copied following assembly. Example: Reovirus This is the only class of RNA viruses whose genome is replicated by cellular enzymes and not an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Cellular DNA polymerases replicate this virus's non- integrated genome, although transcription is not the initial event that takes place in the process. Example: Parvoviruses In this class of viruses, transcription occurs before genome replication because viral proteins are involved in replicating the genome. Example: Adenovirus This class of viruses forms circular DNA and creates pre- genomic RNA using host RNA polymerases.…arrow_forwardAs a general rule, viruses are not considered to be alive based on several reasons. One such reason is that some viruses use RNA as their genetic material instead of DNA. Which of the five biological themes does this violate? Briefly explain why.arrow_forward
- A particular animal virus requires the use of DNA polymerase from its host, since it does not possess its own DNA polymerase enzyme. Which of the following assumptions in A-D would likely be correct regarding this virus? A) O This virus could not be a retrovirus type. B) OIt could be a (-) ss RNA virus. C) O It could be a (+) ss RNA virus. D) O The vVirus life cycle very likely includes going to the host cell nucleus. E) O All ofA-D are correct assumptions.arrow_forwardRemdesivir is an antiviral drug used to treat SARS-CoV-2 infections. It is a broad-spectrum antiviral, meaning it has activity against many different viruses. Remdesivir can be incorporated into a new RNA chain as a virus replicates and can interfere with the viral replication machinery. Template RNA Elongation New RNA SARS-CoV-2 RNA polymerase Template groove Nucleotide entrance Nucleotides Remdesivir Figure 1. A representation of remdesivir and the viral replication machinery for SARS-CoV-2. 6. Figure 1 shows that remdesivir "mimics” an important component of RNA replication. Which specific component of RNA replication has a structure like that of remdesivir? 7. Propose a hypothesis about how remdesivir might inhibit the virus's replication process.arrow_forwardCoronaviruses have a positive-sense single stranded RNA genome. a.) What is the genome replication strategy of this category of viruses? b.) How do you think this feature affects the stability of the viral genome? (hint use figure below) Mutation rates in different types of viruses. Estimates obtained for viruses belonging to the major indicated groups are shown as a function of genome size. This reveals an effect of genetic material (RNA/DNA) and genome size on viral mutation rates.arrow_forward
- If you wanted to use the replication of a virus to simulate the process of replication of an animal cell, which type of virus would you choose to simulate the replication process found in an animal cell? dsDNA -SSRNA dsRNA +ssRNA ssDNAarrow_forwardThe RNA genomes of some RNA viruses resemble the messenger RNA (mRNA) of their eukaryotic hosts. What advantage would an RNA virus gain by having this type of genome?arrow_forwardAnswer the following 1.Are viruses living or non-living organisms? 2. What is the difference between HIV and AIDS? 3. HIV is classified as a retrovirus. What are retroviruses? 4. In your own words, provide a short summary of the HIV replication cycle. 5. Why is reverse transcriptase an important enzyme in the replication cycle of HIV? 6. In the chapter about enzymes, we have discussed how drugs are basically inhibitors. There are currently a multitude of Antiretroviral therapy (ART or ARV) options available to people living with HIV (PLHIV) so that the viral replication is suppressed and does not progress to AIDS. What do you think these drugs target? Discuss briefly. 7. SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes CoVid-19, belongs to the Coronaviridae family. Viruses under this family have a genome made of single-stranded positive-sense RNA. Is this similar to the viral genome of HIV? If so, do you think that – in theory – they would have similar replication cycles? 8. In your own opinion, do…arrow_forward
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