Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134813448
Author: Audesirk, Teresa, Gerald, Byers, Bruce E.
Publisher: Pearson,
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Chapter 17.3, Problem 4TC
Summary Introduction
To determine: The way in which the given two species arise.
Introduction: According to the scientific theory of evolution, all the organisms in the world are related by the means of a common ancestor. This is because diverse forms of life have arisen from a common ancestor through a series of modifications. Thus, the formation of a new species through gradual changes from ancient forms of life is known as evolution.
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Chapter 17 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 17.1 - One way to determine the number of species on...Ch. 17.1 - Prob. 1TCCh. 17.1 - The tiny frog paedophryne amauensis was discovered...Ch. 17.1 - describe how biologists define species and explain...Ch. 17.1 - describe the biological species concept and...Ch. 17.1 - list some reasons why it can be hard to tell...Ch. 17.2 - describe the main types of premating and...Ch. 17.2 - provide examples of each type of mechanism?Ch. 17.3 - Make a list of events or processes that could...Ch. 17.3 - How might conservation scientists use the map...
Ch. 17.3 - It is not surprising that the forests of New...Ch. 17.3 - Prob. 3TCCh. 17.3 - Prob. 4TCCh. 17.3 - Prob. 5TCCh. 17.3 - One possible explanation for the distinctive...Ch. 17.3 - describe the two general steps that are required...Ch. 17.3 - explain the difference between allopatric and...Ch. 17.3 - explain adaptive radiation and describe the...Ch. 17.3 - interpret an evolutionary tree diagram?Ch. 17.4 - If specialization puts a species at risk for...Ch. 17.4 - Prob. 1CTCh. 17.4 - describe the main causes of extinction?Ch. 17.4 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 17.4 - Given that genetic isolation is the first step in...Ch. 17 - The biological species concept is difficult or...Ch. 17 - Which of the following does not describe a...Ch. 17 - All instances of speciation require a. genetic...Ch. 17 - Analysis of Rhagoletis fly populations in North...Ch. 17 - In the initial phase of allopatric speciation,...Ch. 17 - A species is a group of ________ that evolves...Ch. 17 - Fill in the following with the appropriate...Ch. 17 - Formation of a new species occurs when two...Ch. 17 - The process by which many new species arise in a...Ch. 17 - A species may be at higher risk of extinction if...Ch. 17 - Define the following terms: species, speciation,...Ch. 17 - Many of the oak tree species in central and...Ch. 17 - Review the material on the possibility of...Ch. 17 - A drug called colchicine prevents cell division...Ch. 17 - What are the two major types of reproductive...Ch. 17 - It is difficult to perform experiments that test...
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- Draw a phylogenetic reconstruction for the hypothetical frog species. Once you have a cladogram you feel confident about, use lines and labels on cladogram to indicate where character states hanged. How many evolutionary changes occurred in your phylogeny? Is there evidence of an evolutionary convergence having occurred in your phylogeny? How about evolutionary reversals?arrow_forwardDraw a phylogenetic tree based on characters 1-5 in the table below. Place hatch marks on the tree to indicate the origin of characters 1-6. Assume that tuna and dolphins are sister species and redraw the phylogenetic tree accordingly. Use hatch marks to indicate the origin of characters 1-6. How many evolutionary changes are required in each tree? Which tree is most parsimonious? Character Lancelet (outgroup) Lamprey Tuna Salamander Turtle Leopard Dolphin 1. Backbone 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2. Hinged Jaw 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 3. Four Limbs 0 0 0 1 1 1 1* 4. Amnion 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 5. Milk 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 6. Dorsal fin 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 *Dolphins have 4 limbs (2 fins and 2 hind limb buds as embryos)arrow_forwardWhat is a cladogram? A cladogram is a diagram that shows relations among organisms. A cladogram uses lines that branch to end at groups of organisms with a common ancestor. The image shows the relationship among groups A, B, and C. Closely related organisms will have one or more SHARED TRAITS, indicated by the green and orange circles. 1. Which two organisms are most closely related? 2. The green dot indicates a trait that is shared by every animal on the diagram. Suggest a trait that would apply. 3. Animals A & B share a trait that animal C does not have, indicated by the orange circle. Suggest a trait that would apply. Source: https//commons wikimedia org/wiki/File Identical cladograms svg B.arrow_forward
- You become interested in monarch butterfly conservation and begin investigating milkweeds (genus Asclepias), their larval host plant. You decide to construct a phylogeny for Illinois milkweed species based on DNA sequence data. You sequence a chloroplast gene from five species, as shown in the table below. For your outgroup, you sequence Tropical milkweed, a species that is more distantly related to the other species. Using parsimony, construct the tree that requires the fewest number of mutations. Starting with your inferred ancestral sequence, mark each mutation and its sequence position on your tree. Hints: Assume the outgroup sequence is the ancestral sequence. Focus on the shared mutations (synapomorphies). Sites that do not vary among species are not useful for phylogenetics and can be ignored. Mutations that only occur in one species (autapomorphies) should be marked on the tree but do not help in constructing the tree. Table 1. Sequence 175-186 in chloroplast trnL/F gene…arrow_forwardHow does a phylogenetic tree indicate major evolutionary events within a lineage?arrow_forwardFor the Xenites, consider what appear to be homologies and analogies. Figure out the order of evolution of each character. You have been given reason to believe that, based on the fossil record, Xenite A is the ancestral species. Create your cladogram for the Xenites. Identify which derived characters were homologies or analogies. Explain the evolutionary history of the organisms shown by your tree. How did you use evidence to create your cladogram?arrow_forward
- Consider the cladogram shown. 1. Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synamorphies)? 2. Which species has the greatest number of ancestral character states (plesiomorphies)?arrow_forwardWhat are homologous structures? Give an example. Is it necessary that homologous structures always have a common ancestorsarrow_forwardn which situation would it make sense to use the phylogenetic species concept? When you are not able to collect data about how individuals in your study use their habitat, but you are able to collect reproductive data When you are able to collect data about how individuals in your study use their habitat, but you are unable to determine if they interbreed When you only have genetic data about each organism in your study When working with fossils from extinct organismsarrow_forward
- When constructing phylogenetic trees, what is the purpose of applying maximum parsimony? Parsimony allows the researcher to "root" the tree. For trees based on morphology, the most parsimonious tree requires the maximum evolutionary events. The outgroup roots the tree, allowing the principle of parsimony to be applied. For trees based on morphology, the most parsimonious is the one that uses the simplest explanation of evolutionary events.arrow_forwardCompare the forms of speciation that are slow to those that occur more rapidly. Make a list of the slow and fast forms. With regard to mechanisms of genetic change, what features do slow and rapid speciation have in common? What features are different?arrow_forwarda) Draw a phylogenetic tree based on characters 1-5 in the table below. Place hatch marks on the tree to indicate the origin of characters 1-6. b) Assume that tuna and dolphins are sister species and redraw the phylogenetic tree accordingly. Use hatch marks to indicate the origin of characters 1-6. c) How many evolutionary changes are required in each tree? Which tree is most parsimonious? Use figure 20.5 and 20.12 from the Campbell, Biology in focus. Can you pls explain this to me?arrow_forward
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