Concept explainers
(a)
To draw: The substrate cycle formed by malic enzyme, pyruvate carboxylase and the third enzyme.
Concept introduction: The citric acid cycle is central to
(b)
To write: The net equation for converting malate to pyruvate and back to malate.
Concept introduction: The citric acid cycle is central to metabolism and hub for providing intermediates for biosynthesis of cellular molecules. Malate is one of the intermediate metabolites of the citric acid cycle that exits the cycle and enters the cytosolic molecular pool. .
To explain: The net equation for converting malate to pyruvate and back to malate and what does this accomplish for the cell.
Concept introduction: The citric acid cycle is central to metabolism and hub for providing intermediates for biosynthesis of cellular molecules. Malate is one of the intermediate metabolites of the citric acid cycle that exits the cycle and enters the cytosolic molecular pool.

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Chapter 17 Solutions
FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOCHEM.-NEXTGEN ACCESS
- Glucose and fructose are reducing sugars. Sucrose, or table sugar, is a disaccharide consisting of both fructose and glucose. Is sucrose a reducing sugar? Why or why not? No, because only one anomeric carbon is involved in the glycosidic linkage. No, because both anomeric carbons are involved in the glycosidic linkage. Yes, because the fructose unit can convert to the open-chain form. Yes, because the glucose unit can convert to the open-chain form. Which statements about reducing sugars are true? The oxidation of a reducing sugar forms a carboxylic acid sugar. D-Arabinose (an aldose) is a reducing sugar. Reducing sugars contain keto groups instead of aldehyde groups. A disaccharide with its anomeric carbons joined by the glycosidic linkage cannot be a reducing sugar. A reducing sugar will not react with the Cu² + in Fehlings's reagent.arrow_forwardExamine the pairs of molecules and identify the more-reduced molecule in each pair. H-C- CH, OH CH HO-C-H CH₁₂ Pyruvate Ethanol Acetaldehyde Lactate COO H-C H H- -C-H COO- Succinate Fumarate -OOC COO H COO- H――000- CH₂ COO- Oxalosuccinate H-C-OH OOC-C-H CH₂ COO Isocitratearrow_forwardClassify each description as characterizing facilitated diffusion, primary active transport, secondary active transport, or both primary and secondary active transport. Facilitated diffusion Primary active transport Secondary active transport Primary and secondary active transport Answer Bank requires ATP includes lactose permease directly uses ATP hydrolysis to pump substances across the membrane includes the Na+-K+ ATPase pump always moves more than one substance at a time movement of substances against an electrochemical gradient does not require energy input includes uniporters uses energy stored in electrochemical gradients generated by pumpsarrow_forward
- Creatine is a popular dietary supplement. What is the biochemical rationale for the use of creatine? It would directly serve as an electron carrier to support the oxidation of fuel molecules and thus energy production. It would serve as an electron donor to support reductive biosyntheses required to sustain cellular function. It would be converted into creatine phosphate and thus serve as a rapid means of replenishing ATP during muscle contraction. It would promote the movement of ions through ion channels and thus power the synthesis of ATP during exercise. What type of exercise would benefit most from creatine supplementation? a leisurely walk sprinting yoga a long-distance runarrow_forwardAssign each statement to the corresponding polysaccharide. Chitin Starch Glycogen Cellulose Answer Bank is abundant in muscle and liver provides structural support for plants is the storage form of glucose in animals provides structural support for animals such as arthropods is a storage form of fuel in plant cells consists of N-acetylglucosamine residues comes in two forms: amylose and amylopectinarrow_forwardMatch each term with its description. has the molecular formula of (CHO), monosaccharides that differ at a single asymmetric carbon atom the storage form of glucose in animals the storage form of glucose in plants glycoprotein containing glycosaminoglycans the most abundant organic molecule in the biosphere N-acetylgalactosamine is a key component of this glycoprotein carbohydrate-binding proteins enzymes that synthesize oligosaccharides stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other Answer Bank lectins epimers starch mucoprotein carbohydrates glycogen glycosyltransferases cellulose enantiomers proteoglycanarrow_forward
- Complete the sentences describing membrane lipids by moving the names of the lipids to the appropriate sentence. Some lipids will be used more than once, and some sentences will require you to place two or three lipids. Answer Bank include two fatty acids joined to glycerol by ester linkages. do not contain glycerol. is a steroid. contain a sphingosine backbone. contain one or more sugars. usually have branched alkyl chains. glycolipids phosphoglycerides sphingomyelin cholesterol archacal lipidsarrow_forwardThe protein content of most plasma membranes is, on average, about 50% by weight. Myelin has a protein content of about 18%, whereas the internal membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts may be composed of 75% protein. Label the membrane proteins on the diagram. Answer Bank lipid-anchored protein peripheral membrane protein integral membrane proteinarrow_forwardWhy don’t we see amino acids with certain properties (e.g., a straight-chain side chain with two carbons, multiple hydroxyl groups, or other unusual structures)?arrow_forward
- Please analze the gel electrophoresis column of the VRK1 kinase (MW: 39.71 kDa). Lane 1: buffer Lane 2 : Ladder Lane 3: Lysate Lane 4: Flowthrough Lane 5: Wash Lanes 6-8: E1, E2, E3 Lane 9: Dialyzed VRK1 Lane 10: LDHarrow_forwardPlease helparrow_forwardYou have isolated a protein and determined that the native molecular weight of the holoenzyme is 160 kD using size exclusion chromatography. Analysis of this protein using SDS-PAGE revealed 2 bands, one at 100 kD and one at 30 kD. Describe the architecture of the polypeptide component of this enzyme.arrow_forward
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