Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781260494570
Author: Raven, Peter
Publisher: MCGRAW-HILL HIGHER EDUCATION
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Chapter 17, Problem 1S
Many human proteins, such as hemoglobin, are only functional as an assembly of multiple subunits. Assembly of these functional units occurs within the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus of a eukaryotic cell. Discuss what limitations, if any, exist to the large-scale production of genetically engineered hemoglobin.
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You have created a green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion to a protein that is normally secreted from yeast cells. Because you have learned about the use
of temperature-sensitive mutations in yeast to study protein and vesicle transport, you obtain three mutant yeast strains, each defective in some aspect of
the protein secretory process. Being a good scientist, you of course also obtain a wild-type control strain. You decide to examine the fate of your GFP
fusion protein in these various yeast strains and engineer the mutant strains to express your GFP fusion protein. However, in your excitement to do the
experiment, you realize that you did not label any of the mutant yeast strains and no longer know which strain is defective in what process. You end up
numbering your strains with the letters A to D, and then you carry out the experiment anyway, obtaining the results shown in the figure below (the black
dots represent your GFP fusion protein).
strain A
strain B
strain C
strain D…
Yeast cells are eukaryotes, and they require a functional secretory pathway to grow
and to maintain cellular organization. But surprisingly, when SRP is removed from
yeast cells by deleting the relevant genes, the cells are still alive (although they grow
slowly).
a) How can yeast survive without SRP? Propose two alternative hypotheses.
b) How might electron microscopy of normal and SRP-deficient yeast cells help you
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Chapter 17 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 17.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 17.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 17.1 - Describe the construction and uses of recombinant...Ch. 17.2 - Relate the process of DNA replication to PCR.Ch. 17.2 - Compare and contrast PCR, RT-PCR, and quantitative...Ch. 17.3 - Prob. 1LOCh. 17.3 - Prob. 2LOCh. 17.3 - Describe the pros and cons of RNA interference and...Ch. 17.4 - Explain how the universal nature of the genetic...Ch. 17.4 - Compare and contrast knockout, knockin, and...
Ch. 17.4 - Prob. 3LOCh. 17.5 - Describe the benefits of biofuel production from...Ch. 17.5 - Prob. 2LOCh. 17.5 - Prob. 3LOCh. 17.6 - Prob. 1LOCh. 17.6 - Compare and contrast FISH and gene chip...Ch. 17.6 - Describe how immunoassays can be used to diagnose...Ch. 17.7 - Describe the benefits of creating transgenic...Ch. 17.7 - Prob. 2LOCh. 17.7 - Evaluate issues on each side of the transgenic...Ch. 17 - Prob. 1DACh. 17 - Prob. 2DACh. 17 - Prob. 1IQCh. 17 - Prob. 2IQCh. 17 - You study a gene known to be important in the...Ch. 17 - What is the basis of separation of different DNA...Ch. 17 - Prob. 3UCh. 17 - FISH analysis of a breast tumor biopsy for HER2...Ch. 17 - In terms of studying gene function, what is the...Ch. 17 - The Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium usually induces...Ch. 17 - Prob. 1ACh. 17 - Which of the following statements is accurate for...Ch. 17 - Prob. 3ACh. 17 - Many human proteins, such as hemoglobin, are only...Ch. 17 - Amyloid beta is a proteolytic product of a protein...
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- Consider the retinoblastoma gene, which is 7,500bp long. If RNA polymerase can transcribe at the rate of 50 nucleotides/sec, how many retinoblastoma transcripts are produced in 10 minutes?arrow_forwardAll the cells of one organism share the same genome. However, during development, some cells develop into skin cells while others develop into muscle cells. Briefly explain how the same genetic instructions can result in two different cell types in the same organism.arrow_forwardBacteria are often the preferred hosts for genetic engineering projects by splicing in novel genes from eukaryotes into plasmids, which are moved into competent bacteria. For instance, the gene for human insulin was isolated and moved into a bacterium, which can now produce the much-needed chemical. Previously, type 1 diabetics had to rely on professionals that gathered insulin from human cadavers, cows, and pigs. In order for this feat of genetic engineering to occur, researchers had to start with an unspliced mRNA transcript for h insulin. Agree/Disagree? Explain your response.arrow_forward
- what is the nature and likely location(s) of a mutant that would, 1)allow constitutive expression of the lac gene? 2)prevent the cell from responding to lactose ( genes are not induced when exposed to lactose)? 3) not allow the cell to utilize lactose even when the genes are inducedarrow_forwardIn Caulobacter crescentus development, several proteins are directly involved in generating cell polarity which includes PleC, DivJ, and DivK. These proteins were discovered through genetics, but they are essential genes; which means, cells cannot survive long-term in their absence. However, temperature-sensitive and cold-sensitive mutants have enabled researchers to observe the consequences of the absence of these proteins before the cells die. For each one, answer the following questions: A) What are the consequences (phenotypes) when the function of the protein is lost? Generally these will involve, but are not limited to, positioning of the flagella, pili, and stalk. B) Based on the mechanism of development of cell polarity involving phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of DivK, how do these phenotypes arise?arrow_forwardBefore this experiment, Dr Merrick didn’t know whether the OBP that he cloned was a type of myoglobin or hemoglobin from mammoth. From his data, he is now quite sure that OBP cannot be myoglobin from mammoth. How does he know? Explain your reasoning.arrow_forward
- Cap, EA1, and Sap are all genes/proteins of interest in this study. For each gene, what gene product is encoded and where is the gene (the literal DNA sequence) located physically in the cell? I need help fimiding this in the artticle and answer as short as possible https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC106848/arrow_forwardIn a process of production of a recombinant protein by E. coli cells, it was observed accumulation of acetate in the culture medium. In this situation, it can be said that: (a) certainly the process in question was being conducted in anaerobiosis (B).Acetate accumulation is advantageous for the process as the acetate formation reaction generates 1 molecule of ATP (c)Knowing that decreasing the temperature of the process causes a reduction in the rate of glycolysis, this could be a strategy to reduce the accumulation of acetate (d).the acetate formed can be re-assimilated by the cell if the glyoxylate pathway is activated at some point in the culturearrow_forwardTermicin is a small antifungal protein in termites that is produced by cells and secreted into termite saliva in response to a pathogen. In vitro translation of the termicin-encoding gene is performed, and the effects of that product are compared to those of termicin extracted from a termite. You see that extracted termicin exhibits more antifungal behavior than in vitro translated termicin. After further analysis, you see that extracted termicin contains 3 disulfide bonds, while in vitro translated termicin contains zero. The addition of microsomes to the in vitro translation reaction results in termicin with all 3 disulfide bonds. What experimental condition is most likely responsible for this difference? A. in vitro translation was not performed at the correct temperature affecting protein folding B. a mutation occurred during in vitro translation, leading to differences in disulfide bond formation O C. the UPR can not be activated in vitro, therefore, this protein can only be…arrow_forward
- Discuss the following statement: “from the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone, the complete amino acid sequence of a protein can be deduced by applying the genetic code. thus, protein biochemistry has become superfluous because there is nothing more that can be learned by studying the protein.”arrow_forwardAfter isolating the rough endoplasmic reticulum from the rest of the cytoplasm, you purify the RNAs attached to it. Which of the following proteins do you not expect to be translated from the RNAs associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum? Lysosomal enzymes Plasma membrane proteins Extracellular matrix proteins Golgi enzymes Peroxisomal proteinsarrow_forwardIf cells are infected with a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) strain in which a viral gene (VSVG) is fused to the green fluorescent protein gene, when the chimeric protein is synthesized, what compartments will it visit and in what order before until it leaves the cell?arrow_forward
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