
Concept explainers
Contrast the terms in the following pairs:
- a. innate and adaptive immunity
- b. humoral and cellular immunity
- c. active and passive immunity
- d. TH1 and TH2 cells
- e. natural and artificial immunity
- f. T-dependent and T-independent antigens
- g. CD8+ T cell and CTL
- h. immunoglobulin and TCR

To review:
The comparison and contrast of the given terms.
Introduction:
The immune system is defined as the group of cells or tissues or organs that functions against the foreign substance to provide immunity. The immunity is classified into two categories, innate and adaptive.
Immunoglobulins are produced by plasma cells, which contains the antigen binding site that allows the antigen to bind. It is found in blood, tissues and other body fluids to make the immune system.
Antibodies and lymphocytes are the major elements in the adaptive immune system. The lymphocytes consist of B cells, cytotoxic T cells and Helper T cells which are involved in the adaptive immune response against the infectious pathogens.
Explanation of Solution
- a. Innate and adaptive immunity: Innate immunity is a non-specific defense mechanism, which acts immediately after the exposure of antigens or foreign substances on the body. Adaptive immunity is an antigen-specific immunity that adapts the immune system by the formation of immune cells or memory cells for a specific antigen. Adaptive immunity acquires either actively or passively when a person is exposed to microorganism or foreign substances. The active and passive acquired immunity can be obtained by natural or artificial ways.
- b. Humoral and cellular immunity: Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies that are secreted by plasma cells to confer the immune response against the freely circulating antigens on the surface of the B cells. The cell-mediated immune response is mediated by T lymphocytes to eliminate intracellular pathogens by phagocytosis, Natural killer cells (NK), the formation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and releases cytokines. It involves phagocytosis and cell apoptosis with the help of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL).
- c. Active and passive immunity: The immune system which acquires immunity at the time of exposing to the foreign substances is termed as the active immunity. Whereas, the transfer of antibodies from one to another for acquiring the immunity either by natural or artificial ways is termed as passive immunity.
- d. TH1 and TH2 cells: T helper 1 cells plays a major role in the activation of macrophages, T cells and natural killer cells in the cell-mediated immune response. Whereas, the T helper 2 cells helps in the production of eosinophil, IgE and IgM cells.
- e. Natural and artificial immunity: The immunity develops by birth, when the exposure of the live microorganisms, which leads to the development of memory cells for particular diseases, is known as natural immunity. While a small quantity of vaccines is given to expose the immunity against particular diseases is known as artificial immunity.
- f. T-dependent and T-independent antigens: T-dependent antigen requires the T helper cells for the antibodies produced against the antigens. While in T- independent antigen, B cell produces the antibodies directly without the requirement of T cells.
- g. CD8+ cell and CTL: CD8+ cells are also known as cytotoxic T cells which involve in adaptive immune systems, contains the surface proteins which is responsible to kill the intracellular infections caused by bacteria, virus and some cancer cells. The cytotoxic T lymphocyte cells generate the cytotoxic T cell, which targets the cell by pore-forming protein perforin and thereby it penetrates the protease enzyme to induce the apoptosis.
- h. Immunoglobulin and TCR: Immunoglobulins are produced by plasma cells, which contains the antigen binding site that allows the antigen to bind. It is found in blood, tissues and other body fluids to make the immune system. Antibodies are Y shaped molecules which contain two light chains and two heavy chains that are interlinked by disulfide bridges. The immunoglobulins are classified into five classes such as IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE, based on their role in the immune system against the antigenic exposure. Whereas the T cell receptors are present on the surface of the T cells which helps antigen to recognize and allow binding on the surface of the major histocompatibility molecules.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 17 Solutions
Microbiology: An Introduction
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Biological Science (6th Edition)
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
The Cosmic Perspective (8th Edition)
Fundamentals of Physics Extended
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & Physiology
- “Gretchen” was a 68-pound canine who came to the VMTH as small animal surgery patient. She receivedacepromazine, 0.2 mg/kg from a 10 mg/ml solution and oxymorphone, 0.08 mg/kg from a 1 mg/ml solution before surgery.What are the mechanisms of action of acepromazine and oxymorphone? Why would they be given together?How many mg provide each dose and how many ml of each of these solutions were given?arrow_forwardAfter surgery, “Gretchen” was put on carprofen, 1 mg/pound bid (twice a day). The tablets come in 25, 75 and 100 mgsizes. Which size tablet would be appropriate?What is the mechanism of action of carprofen?An outpatient prescription was written for her so she would have enough for 10 days. How many tablets did she need?What information needs to be on her out-patient prescription?arrow_forwardJoden Koepp olor in chickens is due to incomplete dominance. BB = Black chicken, WW = White BLOOD TYPES Arhite chicken is In humans, Rh positive blood is dominant (R) over Rh negative blood (r). A man with type 0, Rh positive blood (whose mother had Rh negative blood), marries a woman with type AB, Rh negative blood. Several children were born. is? R R Genotypes Phenotypes RRR RR Rr Rr 4/16 RR R RR RK Rr Rr 4/16 rr 3/4 Rh posi 1/4 Rh negu 1/2 Rr rr rr rrrr 88 888 75 e genotype of the man? the genotype of the woman? The mother of the man had type AB blood.arrow_forward
- Please indentify the unknown organismarrow_forward5G JA ATTC 3 3 CTIA A1G5 5 GAAT I I3 3 CTIA AA5 Fig. 5-3: The Eco restriction site (left) would be cleaved at the locations indicated by the arrows. However, a SNP in the position shown in gray (right) would prevent cleavage at this site by EcoRI One of the SNPs in B. rapa is found within the Park14 locus and can be detected by RFLP analysis. The CT polymorphism is found in the intron of the Bra013780 gene found on Chromosome 1. The Park14 allele with the "C" in the SNP has two EcoRI sites and thus is cleaved twice by EcoRI If there is a "T" in that SNP, one of the EcoRI sites is altered, so the Park14 allele with the T in the SNP has only one EcoRI site (Fig. 5-3). Park14 allele with SNP(C) Park14 allele with SNPT) 839 EcoRI 1101 EcoRI 839 EcoRI Fig. 5.4: Schematic restriction maps of the two different Park14 alleles (1316 bp long) of B. rapa. Where on these maps is the CT SNP located? 90 The primers used to amplify the DNA at the Park14 locus (see Fig. 5 and Table 3 of Slankster et…arrow_forwardFrom your previous experiment, you found that this enhancer activates stripe 2 of eve expression. When you sequence this enhancer you find several binding sites for the gap gene, Giant. To test how Giant interacts with eve, you decide to remove all of the Giant binding sites from the eve enhancer. What results do you expect to see with respect to eve expression?arrow_forward
- What experiment could you do to see if the maternal gene, bicoid, is sufficient to form anterior fates?arrow_forwardYou’re curious about the effect that gap genes have on the pair-rule gene, evenskipped (eve), so you isolate and sequence each of the eve enhancers. You’re particularly interested in one of the enhancers, which is just upstream of the eve gene. Describe an experimental technique you would use to find out where this particular eve enhancer is active.arrow_forwardFor short answer questions, write your answers on the line provided. To the right is the mRNA codon table to use as needed throughout the exam. First letter U บบบ U CA UUCPhe UUA UCU Phe UCC UUG Leu CUU UAU. G U UAC TV UGCys UAA Stop UGA Stop A UAG Stop UGG Trp Ser UCA UCG CCU] 0 CUC CUA CCC CAC CAU His CGU CGC Leu Pro CCA CAA Gin CGA Arg CUG CCG CAG CGG AUU ACU AAU T AUC lle A 1 ACC Thr AUA ACA AUG Mot ACG AGG Arg GUU GCU GUC GCC G Val Ala GAC Asp GGU GGC GUA GUG GCA GCG GAA GGA Gly Glu GAGJ GGG AACASH AGU Ser AAA1 AAG Lys GAU AGA CAL CALUCAO CAO G Third letter 1. (+7) Use the table below to answer the questions; use the codon table above to assist you. The promoter sequence of DNA is on the LEFT. You do not need to fill in the entire table. Assume we are in the middle of a gene sequence (no need to find a start codon). DNA 1 DNA 2 mRNA tRNA Polypeptide C Val G C. T A C a. On which strand of DNA is the template strand (DNA 1 or 2)?_ b. On which side of the mRNA is the 5' end (left or…arrow_forward
- Human Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305112100Author:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage LearningHuman Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Concepts of BiologyBiologyISBN:9781938168116Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James WisePublisher:OpenStax CollegeBiology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781337392938Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. BergPublisher:Cengage Learning




