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Because ΔG° is positive, this reaction does not favor the formation of products. Show how this reaction can be made to proceed by coupling it with the hydrolysis of ATP. Write an equation for the coupled reaction and estimate the equilibrium constant for the coupled process.
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- Pick the example with the highest entropy from each of the following sets. Explain your answers. a.Two opposing football teams just before the ball is snapped, two opposing football teams 1 second after the ball is snapped, two opposing football teams when the whistle is blown, ending the play b.A 10 copper/gold alloy, a 2 copper/gold alloy, pure gold c.A purse on which the strap just broke, a purse just hitting the ground, a purse on the ground with contents scattered d.Coins in a piggy bank, coins in piles containing the same type of coins, coins in stacks of the same type of coins e.A dozen loose pearls in a box, a dozen pearls randomly strung on a string, a dozen pearls strung on a string in order of decreasing sizearrow_forwardThe free energy of formation of one mole of compound refers to a particular chemical equation. For each of the following, write that equation. a KBr(s) b CH3Cl(l) c H2S(g) d AsH3(g)arrow_forwardThe free energy of formation of one mole of compound refers to a particular chemical equation. For each of the following, write that equation. a MgO(s) b COCl2(g) c CF4(g) d PCl5(g)arrow_forward
- Which contains greater entropy, a quantity of frozen benzene or the same quantity of liquid benzene at the same temperature? Explain in terms of the dispersal of energy in the substance.arrow_forwardFor each pair of items, tell which has the higher entropy and explain why. (a) Item 1, a sample of solid CO2 at -78°C, or item 2, CO2 vapor at 0°C (b) Item I, solid sugar, or item 2, the same sugar dissolved in a cup of tea (c) Item 1, a 100-mL sample of pure water and a 100-mL sample of pure alcohol, or item 2, the same samples of water and alcohol after they have been poured together and stirredarrow_forwardIn each of the following pairs, choose the substance with a lower entropy. (a) One mole of O2(g) with 758 mm Hg pressure, one mole of O2(g) with 493 mm Hg pressure, both at room temperature (b) glucose (s), glucose (aq) (c) Hg(l), Hg(g), both at room temperaturearrow_forward
- Consider the following reactions at 25°C: C6H12O6(aq)+6O2(g)6CO2(g)+6H2O G=2870kJ ADP(aq)+HPO42(aq)+2H+(aq)ATP(aq)+H2OG=31kJ Write an equation for a coupled reaction between glucose, C6H12O6, and ADP in which G=390kJ .arrow_forwardAdenosine triphosphate, ATP, is used as a free-energy source by biological cells. (See the essay on page 624.) ATP hydrolyzes in the presence of enzymes to give ADP: ATP(aq)+H2O(l)ADP(aq)+H2PO4(aq);G=30.5kJ/molat25C Consider a hypothetical biochemical reaction of molecule A to give molecule B: A(aq)B(aq);G=+15.0kJ/molat25C Calculate the ratio [B]/[A] at 25C at equilibrium. Now consider this reaction coupled to the reaction for the hydrolysis of ATP: A(aq)+ATP(aq)+H2O(l)B(aq)+ADP(aq)+H2PO4(aq) If a cell maintains a high ratio of ATP to ADP and H2PO4 by continuously making ATP, the conversion of A to B can be made highly spontaneous. A characteristic value of this ratio is [ATP][ADP][H2PO4]=500 Calculate the ratio [B][A] in this case and compare it with the uncoupled reaction. Compared with the uncoupled reaction, how much larger is this ratio when coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP?arrow_forwardAccording to a source, lithium peroxide (Li2O2) decomposes to lithium oxide (Li2O) and oxygen gas at about 195C. If the standard enthalpy change for this decomposition is 33.9 kJ/mol, what would you give as an estimate for the standard entropy change for this reaction? Explain.arrow_forward
- Is the following reaction spontaneous as written? Explain. Do whatever calculation is needed to answer the question. SO2(g)+H2(g)H2S(g)+O2(g)arrow_forwardFor the ammonia synthesis reaction ⇌ Does the entropy effect favor products? Explain your answer. Does the energy effect favor products? Explain your answer. Is the equilibrium concentration of NH3(g) greater at high or low temperature? Explain.arrow_forwardSilver carbonate, Ag2CO3, is a light yellow compound that decomposes when heated to give silver oxide and carbon dioxide: Ag2CO3(s)Ag2O(s)+CO2(g) A researcher measured the partial pressure of carbon dioxide over a sample of silver carbonate at 220C and found that it was 1.37 atm. Calculate the partial pressure of carbon dioxide at 25C. The standard enthalpies of formation of silver carbonate and silver oxide at 25C are 505.9 kJ/mol and 31.05 kJ/mol, respectively. Make any reasonable assumptions in your calculations. State the assumptions that you make, and note why you think they are reasonable.arrow_forward
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