Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781337392938
Author: Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 17, Problem 12TYU
Summary Introduction
Introduction: Mus musculus, which is commonly known as the mouse is considered as the best model organism to study the early embryo development in mammals.
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Absence of bicoid mRNA from a Drosophila egg leads to theabsence of anterior larval body parts and mirror-imageduplication of posterior parts. This is evidence that the productof the bicoid gene(A) normally leads to formation of head structures.(B) normally leads to formation of tail structures.(C) is transcribed in the early embryo.(D) is a protein present in all head structures.
As shown in Figure 13-26, the Sonic hedgehog gene is expressed in many places in a developing chicken. Is theidentical Sonic hedgehog protein expressed in each tissue? If so, how do the tissues develop into different structures? If not, how are different Sonic hedgehog proteinsproduced?
Another way to study the role of proteins (e.g., transcription factors) that function in development is to microinject the mRNA that encodes a protein, or the purified protein itself, into an oocyte or embryo, and then determine how this affects the subsequent development of the embryo, larva, and adult. For example, if Bicoid protein is injected into the posterior region of an oocyte, the resulting embryo will develop into a larva that has anterior structures at both ends. Based on your understanding of the function of each developmental gene, what would be the predicted phenotype if the following proteins or mRNAs were injected into normal oocytes?
A. Nanos mRNA injected into the anterior end of an oocyte
B. Antp protein injected into the posterior end of an embryo
C. Toll mRNA injected into the dorsal side of an early embryo
Chapter 17 Solutions
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 17.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 17.1 - Describe the classic experiments of Steward,...Ch. 17.1 - Define stem cells, distinguish between embryonic...Ch. 17.1 - What lines of evidence support the principle of...Ch. 17.1 - Prob. 2CCh. 17.1 - What does the ability to produce iPSCs tell...Ch. 17.2 - Prob. 4LOCh. 17.2 - Prob. 5LOCh. 17.2 - Prob. 6LOCh. 17.2 - Prob. 7LO
Ch. 17.2 - Prob. 1CCh. 17.2 - Prob. 2CCh. 17.2 - Prob. 3CCh. 17.2 - Prob. 4CCh. 17.3 - Prob. 8LOCh. 17.3 - Prob. 1CCh. 17.3 - Prob. 2CCh. 17 - Prob. 1TYUCh. 17 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 17 - The anteriorposterior axis of a Drosophila embryo...Ch. 17 - Prob. 4TYUCh. 17 - Homeobox genes (a) are found in fruit flies but no...Ch. 17 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 17 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 17 - Which of the following statements about cancer is...Ch. 17 - Proto-oncogenes code for (a) morphogens (b)...Ch. 17 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 17 - Prob. 11TYUCh. 17 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 17 - CONNECT Why is an understanding of gene regulation...Ch. 17 - What is the reason that scientists study...Ch. 17 - Prob. 15TYUCh. 17 - Prob. 16TYUCh. 17 - EVOLUTION LINK What is the common ground between...Ch. 17 - INTERPRET DATA Flower parts are arranged in four...
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- Using Figure 22.6, indicate the stage at which segmentation genes, homeotic genes, and egg-polarity genes would have an effect on development.arrow_forwardFigure 13-7 illustrates the expression of the Ultrabithorax(Ubx) Hox protein in developing flight appendages.What is the relationship between where the protein isexpressed and the phenotype resulting from the loss ofits expression (shown in Figure 13-1)?arrow_forwardAn embryologist measures the concentrations of three morphogens (A, B, C) in a row of cells across an embryo, from anterior to posterior. The morphogens cause the expression of various colored pigments as indicated in the graphs. Anterior Posterior Expression of Blue protein only [A] Expression of Red protein only Expression of Green protein only Anterior Posterior [B] Repression of Purple protein Activation of Red protein Anterior Posterior [C] Activation of Yellow protein Which shows the correct expression of pigments expressed in response to Morphogen A? Anterior Posterior Anterior Posterior Anterior Posterior Anterior Posteriorarrow_forward
- You inject bicoid MRNA into the posterior end of a fertilized fruit fly egg just prior to the first cleavage. How will the experiment affect Hox gene expression in this fly? How will it affect the fly embryo's anatomy? Explain your answer, demonstrating your understanding of the role bicoid and Hox genes play in development.arrow_forwardDiscuss how the anterior portion of the anteroposterior axis is established in Drosophila. What aspects of oogenesis are critical in establishing this axis? What do you think would happen if the bicoid mRNA was not trapped at the anterior end but instead diffused freely throughout the oocyte?arrow_forwardHomeotic genes(A) encode transcription factors that control the expression ofgenes responsible for specific anatomical structures.(B) are found only in Drosophila and other arthropods.(C) are the only genes that contain the homeobox domain.(D) encode proteins that form anatomical structures in the fly.arrow_forward
- The cloning experiments carried out on frogs demonstrated that (a) all differentiated frog cells are totipotent (b) some differentiated frog cells are totipotent (c) all nuclei from differentiated frog cells are totipotent (d) some nuclei from differentiated frog cells are totipotent (e) cell differentiation always requires the loss of certain genesarrow_forwardHere are schematic diagrams of mutant Drosophila larvae. The left side of each pair shows a wild-type larva, with gray boxes showing the sections that are missing in the mutant larva. Which type of gene is defective in each larva: a gap gene, a pair-rule gene, or a segment-polarity gene?arrow_forwardExplain hoxA3 and HoxD3 genes are nearly equivalent yet they play distinct roles in the development of mouse.arrow_forward
- Which of the following best describes the concept of cell differentiation during the development of a multicellular organism? A. During development, all of the genes in the embryo's cells are expressed at first, but fewer and fewer are expressed as time proceeds. B. During development, different sets of genes are deleted from different cell types so that at the end of development, each cell has only the genes it needs. C. During development, different cells become specialized to have different phenotypes even though they all originated from the same cell. ..arrow_forwardDiscuss the role of homeotic genes in development. Explain what happens to the phenotype of a fruit fly when a gain-of-function mutation in a homeotic gene causes the protein to be expressed in an abnormal region of the embryo. What are the consequences of a loss-of-function mutation in such a gene?arrow_forwardIt seems that developmental genetics boils down to a complex network of gene regulation. Try to draw a structure of this network for Drosophila. How many genes do you think are necessary to complete the developmental network for the fruit fly? How many genes do you think are needed for a network to specify one segment? Do you think it is more difficult to identify genes that are involved in the beginning, middle, or end of this network? Suppose you were trying to identify all of the genes needed for development in a chicken. Knowing what you know about Drosophila development, would you first try to identify genes necessary for early development, or would you begin by identifying genes involved in cell differentiation?arrow_forward
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